Question 1

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Katrina's reaction reflects heteronomous morality, where rules are seen as fixed and unchangeable, typically dictated by authority figures.

Question 2

Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will come immediately, thus they will look around in a concerned way after doing something wrong. This indicates a belief in the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Immanent justice is the belief that punishment will automatically follow any wrongdoing, which is why young children expect immediate consequences after breaking a rule.

Question 3

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates by dropping a box is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates when he was frustrated. Julie is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Julie is demonstrating heteronomous morality, which is characterized by judging actions based on their consequences rather than the intentions behind them. She views the act of breaking more plates as worse, regardless of the intention.

Question 4

Josh and Jake were wrestling and knocked over a large plant. Josh tries quickly to straighten up the plant and hide what happens, while Jake starts backing away, crying, and quickly looking around. Jake believes in _____, Josh does not.

Accepted Answer

Immanent justice is the belief that wrongdoing will be automatically punished, which is why Jake is looking around fearfully, expecting immediate consequences. Josh, on the other hand, does not share this belief as he tries to cover up the incident.

Question 5

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral and social cognitive approach emphasizes the role of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation in the development of moral behavior.

Question 6

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of moral development includes two stages: heteronomous morality and autonomous morality. The first stage, heteronomous morality, occurs from about ages 4 to 7 and is characterized by a child's belief that rules are fixed and unchangeable and that breaking them leads to punishment, regardless of the intentions behind the actions.

Question 7

When baby Lisa came into the room and saw her mother crying, she immediately started crying, too. Even though Lisa doesn't know why her mother is crying, she is showing:

Accepted Answer

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Baby Lisa is showing empathy by crying when she sees her mother crying, even though she doesn't understand the reason.

Question 8

According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition, showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, children between the ages of 7 to 10 are in a transitional phase where they begin to move from heteronomous morality to autonomous morality, showing features of both stages.

Question 9

When Carson was younger he would get very upset if his school friends didn't follow rules when playing games. Now 11 years old, Carson has learned that it is important to discuss the rules of a game before it gets started, making sure everyone agrees to whatever rules are made. Carson has moved into:

Accepted Answer

Carson has moved into autonomous morality, where he understands that rules are agreements that can be modified through discussion and consensus, rather than being fixed and unchangeable.

Question 10

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Selena is exhibiting empathy because she is feeling sad due to her best friend's loss, showing she can understand and share the feelings of another person.

Question 11

Jerome and Hani get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

Accepted Answer

Jerome's concern about getting into "big trouble" reflects heteronomous morality, where rules are seen as fixed and consequences are feared. Hani's belief that their mother would understand it was an accident reflects autonomous morality, where intentions and context are considered.

Question 12

A child at age _____ is likely to be fully in heteronomous morality, whereas children at age _____ are likely to be fully in autonomous morality.

Accepted Answer

Heteronomous morality typically occurs in children around ages 4 to 7, where they view rules as fixed and unchangeable. Autonomous morality develops around age 10 and older, where children understand that rules are agreements that can be modified.

Question 13

Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Dante is in the autonomous morality stage, where children understand that rules can be flexible and are created by people, allowing them to adapt to new rules.

Question 14

Franklin is very upset because his teacher will not let him turn in an assignment late. His main argument is that he had started the project and he fully intended to finish it and turn it in. Even though he honestly forgot about the due date, his intention to turn it in is, in his view, the most important factor. He is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Franklin is demonstrating autonomous morality, where he believes that his intentions should be considered in evaluating his actions, rather than just the adherence to rules or consequences.

Question 15

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations, because parents are:

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that peer interactions promote moral reasoning because they involve negotiation and equality, whereas parent-child relations often involve a power dynamic where parents impose rules, limiting the child's opportunity to engage in moral reasoning.

Question 16

According to Freud, it is through a child's struggle to reduce anxiety and avoid parental punishment, while maintaining parental affection and internalizing parents' standards of right and wrong, that prompts the _____ to develop.

Accepted Answer

The superego develops as a child internalizes parental standards of right and wrong, aiming to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment while maintaining parental affection.

Question 17

When children judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor, they are demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Heteronomous morality is when children view rules as fixed and judge actions based on consequences rather than intentions.

Question 18

According to _____, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form _____.

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong to form the superego, which helps reduce anxiety and maintain parental affection.

Question 19

Xavier was riding his bike when he lost his balance and crashed into a neighbor's flower garden, damaging many plants. He looked around and didn't think anyone saw him, so he left quickly. As he's riding he thinks, "Whew that was close. Glad I got away with that." Xavier is showing:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Xavier was riding his bike when he...

Question 20

Infants have the capacity for _____, but they lack the ability to discern another's inner psychological state, known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Infants can show empathetic responses, such as crying when they hear another baby cry, but they do not yet have the cognitive ability for perspective taking, which involves understanding another person's thoughts or feelings.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood