Question 1

_____ memory refers to a special form of episodic memory,consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory specifically refers to a person's personal experiences, while procedural memory refers to the memory of how to do certain tasks, prospective memory refers to remembering to do something in the future, and sensory memory refers to the temporary storage of information from the senses.

Question 2

On the way home from her senior prom,Mary's date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle,causing severe injuries to all those involved.Twenty years later,Mary still remembers the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash.In the context of memory retrieval,such a memory is best described as a(n)_____ memory.

Accepted Answer

A flashbulb memory is a highly vivid, detailed, and long-lasting memory that is often associated with experiencing a significant or emotionally arousing event. Mary's memory of the song playing during the crash is likely a flashbulb memory, as it was a significant and emotionally arousing event that she remembers clearly even 20 years later.

Question 3

While auditioning for a play,Theodore insists that he will audition either first or last.He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last.In this scenario,Theodore is adhering to the _____.

Accepted Answer

Theodore is adhering to the serial position effect, which refers to the tendency of people to remember the first and last items in a list or sequence better than the items in the middle. In this case, Theodore believes that auditioning first or last will increase his chances of making a lasting impression on the auditioners.

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory?

Accepted Answer

A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. Joseph's memory of hearing about his wife's accident fits this description. The other options describe more mundane memories.

Question 5

Donna prides herself on being able to remember a face after seeing it just once.However,she is not good with remembering the names that match the faces.In the context of memory retrieval,it can be said that:

Accepted Answer

Recognition is the ability to identify previously learned information when it is presented again. In this case, Donna is able to recognize faces that she has seen before, which indicates good recognition ability. However, she has difficulty recalling the names that match those faces, which reflects poor recall ability. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because there is no indication that Donna is specifically good at retrieving previously learned information, and option C and D are both incorrect based on the information given.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are characterized by their vividness and durability, often lasting a lifetime. They tend to be associated with emotionally significant events, both positive and negative, and are considered to be highly accurate due to the level of detail and emotional intensity associated with them. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Question 7

Jennifer and Stacey go to different schools but study the same text books.Jennifer's end-of-semester tests include only essay questions,whereas Stacey's end-of-semester tests include only multiple-choice questions.In the context of memory retrieval,which of the following statements is accurate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jennifer and Stacey go to different schools...

Question 8

George,a fresh college graduate,is going to attend his first job interview.He has learned that he is one among six other candidates who have applied for the same job.Applying his knowledge of the serial position effect,George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed.Why?

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect suggests that we are more likely to remember information presented at the beginning and end of a list or sequence. By requesting to be either the first or last candidate interviewed, George is increasing his chances of being remembered more positively compared to the middle candidates.

Question 9

Ashton is forty-five years old.He has vivid memories of the significant events that took place in his youth.However,he finds it difficult to recollect the events that took place in the first and fourth decades of his life.In the context of memory retrieval,this ability to recall events from certain phases of his life is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

The ability to vividly recall events from certain phases of life but find it difficult to recollect events from other phases is known as the reminiscence bump. This phenomenon has been observed to occur for events that occurred between the ages of 10 and 30, and Ashton's experience of being able to remember events from his youth but not from the first and fourth decades of his life is consistent with this pattern. The serial position effect refers to the tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be better recalled than items in the middle, and is not relevant in this context. Absentmindedness refers to forgetting caused by a lack of attention, and interference refers to forgetting caused by the presence of competing or similar information in memory. While these concepts may apply to other memory retrieval scenarios, they do not explain Ashton's selective ability to recall events from certain phases of his life.

Question 10

_____ memory is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memory is the memory of events that are emotionally significant or unexpected, and that people can recall with great accuracy, detail, and vividness years after they occurred. These events often have personal or historical significance, such as the death of a loved one, a major national tragedy, or a significant personal achievement. Flashbulb memories are often accompanied by intense emotions, and may be consciously or unconsciously rehearsed over time, leading to their enhanced retention and clarity. Working memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information in the mind, procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform specific tasks or procedures, and prospective memory refers to the memory of future intentions and plans.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true about autobiographical memory?

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory is a special form of episodic memory that involves the recall of personal events and experiences. This type of memory is highly complex and can be rich in detail, emotion, and sensory information. Therefore, statement B is incorrect. Autobiographical memories can be categorized based on different dimensions such as time, place, people, and emotions, so statement C is also incorrect. Finally, statement D is incorrect because semantic memory involves general knowledge and information that is not tied to personal experience.

Question 12

Kate is on the phone talking to her friend Paul,who is referring her for a job interview.Paul gives Kate a phone number,but before Kate can write it down,the call is disconnected.Kate can only recall the last three digits of the number that Paul gave her.This scenario best illustrates the _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency for people to remember information that was presented more recently or last in a sequence. In this scenario, Kate can only remember the last three digits of the phone number that Paul gave her, which is an example of the recency effect.

Question 13

Which of the following statements best explains the recency effect?

Accepted Answer

The recency effect occurs because the last few items in a list may still be in working memory when they are recalled. This means that they are more easily retrievable and can be recalled more accurately.

Question 14

Which of the following statements best explains the primacy effect?

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect occurs because items at the beginning of a list receive more elaborate processing and are more likely to be successfully encoded into long-term memory.

Question 15

In the context of memory retrieval,which of the following is true of recognition?

Accepted Answer

Recognition involves identifying learned items from a given set of options, whereas recall requires retrieving learned information from memory without any options or cues. Therefore, option C is correct as an individual only has to identify learned items in the task of recognition. Option A is incorrect as recognition tests typically have strong retrieval cues. Option B is incorrect as it describes recall rather than recognition, and option D is incorrect as recognition is generally considered to be easier than recall.

Question 16

Two years ago,Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show.She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play.Now,Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the same monologue.Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying in this scenario by recalling only the opening lines?

Accepted Answer

Naomi is displaying the primacy effect, which is the tendency to better recall the first items in a sequence.

Question 17

Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide.In which of the following ways can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage?

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where memory retrieval is improved when the context during retrieval matches the context during encoding. Taking witnesses back to the crime scene can help them remember details more accurately since the environment will match the one they were in when they witnessed the crime. Therefore, Detective Dan can use context-dependent memory to his advantage by taking witnesses back to the crime scene.

Question 18

David's roommate,Ryan,asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams.Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory,David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study _____.

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory suggests that memory is aided by being in the same environment or context in which the information was learned. Therefore, Ryan should study quietly in the classroom where he will take his exam to aid his memory recall during the test. Studying in a different location, such as the apartment or outside in the pavilion, may hinder his memory recall during the exam. Studying with friends in the library may be distracting and not provide the same context as the exam room.

Question 19

Juanita is one of the finalists in a televised game show.Juanita is able to remember the names of the contestants she met on the first day of the show but cannot remember the names of the contestants she met after that day.In the context of memory retrieval,Juanita's ability to recall only the names of the contestants she met on the first day exemplifies _____.

Accepted Answer

Juanita's ability to recall the names of the contestants she met on the first day but not the ones she met after that is an example of the primacy effect, which refers to our tendency to better remember information that was presented first in a sequence.

Question 20

Janet has memorized one of John Keats's poems for an upcoming school play.The poem has four verses,and Janet can recite the entire poem verbatim.With reference to the serial position effect in memory retrieval,which of the following verses is Janet most likely to remember in the future?

Accepted Answer

According to the serial position effect, people tend to remember the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect) in a sequence better than the middle items. Therefore, Janet is most likely to remember the first and fourth verses.

Quiz 7: Memory