Question 1

Which of the following developments was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology?

Accepted Answer

The emergence of computers was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology. The computer metaphor allowed psychologists to view the mind as an information-processing system, which helped to develop the idea of studying mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving. This approach is now known as cognitive psychology.

Question 2

Roberto studies music preferences.Roberto claims that it is useless to isolate and listen to only a rhythm, a violin part, or another single aspect of music because perceiving the complete piece is most important.Roberto's opinion is similar to the approach.

Accepted Answer

Roberto's opinion aligns with the Gestalt approach, which emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In other words, to truly understand and appreciate something, we must consider the entire experience rather than just its individual components.

Question 3

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychologists should study that which is observable"?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral psychologists focus on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. They believe that psychology should be studied through objective measurement and experimentation, rather than through introspection or inference.

Question 4

Leyna conducts research with puppies in training to determine if punishing them for inappropriate behavior will be more effective than rewarding them for appropriate behavior.In this example, Leyna is using a approach in her research.

Accepted Answer

Leyna's focus on the puppies' behavior and the use of punishment and rewards align with the principles of behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior. Functionalism focuses on the purpose or function of behavior, while structuralism focuses on the underlying elements of consciousness. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Question 5

Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts.This viewpoint is most consistent with the approach in psychology.

Accepted Answer

Noreen's assertion that behavior reflects unconscious motives and conflicts aligns with the Freudian approach in psychology, which emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior.

Question 6

Damon thinks that it is impossible to study the experience of consciousness.Instead, he believes psychologists should focus only on the actions people take and why they take them.Damon believes in the approach to psychology.

Accepted Answer

Damon's belief that psychologists should focus on actions and their reasons is consistent with the behaviorist approach to psychology, which emphasizes observable behavior rather than internal mental processes like consciousness.

Question 7

In which order did the behaviorists discussed in the text make their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was the earliest behaviorist, followed by John B. Watson and then B.F. Skinner.

Question 8

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution?

Accepted Answer

George Miller is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution because of his influential 1956 paper "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information." This paper helped shift the focus of psychology from behaviorism to cognition. B.F. Skinner is associated with behaviorism, Sigmund Freud is associated with psychoanalysis, and William James was influential in the development of functionalism.

Question 9

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the concept of the unconscious?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is widely known as the father of psychoanalysis, a form of therapy that emphasizes the importance of the unconscious in shaping human behavior and emotions. He proposed that the mind consists of three levels: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The unconscious mind, according to Freud, is the primary source of repression, conflicts, and unresolved desires that can influence behavior without one's awareness of it.

Question 10

Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment developed by , a Viennese neurologist.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud, a Viennese neurologist. Wilhelm Wundt, Wolfgang Köhler, and Edward Titchener were also important figures in the field of psychology, but they did not develop psychoanalysis.

Question 11

The psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism focuses on how environment and experiences shape behavior, while humanism emphasizes individual potential and free will. Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious conflicts and evolutionary psychology focuses on how behavior has evolved over time in response to environmental pressures. Therefore, the best choice is A for behaviorism.

Question 12

Which of the following types of evidence provided the foundation for Freudian theory?

Accepted Answer

Freudian theory was developed based on case studies of patients in therapy, specifically psychoanalysis. Freud believed that the exploration of an individual's unconscious, including their dreams and childhood experiences, could provide insight into their behavior and psychological issues.

Question 13

Which of the following questions has behaviorism attempted to answer?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is a psychological approach that focuses on how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments in response to specific stimuli or situations. Therefore, behaviorism has attempted to answer how rewards and punishments influence behavior. The other answer choices are related to other branches of psychology such as perception (A), cognition (B), and neuroscience (D).

Question 14

Information processing views the brain as and the mind as .

Accepted Answer

Information processing views the brain as hardware and the mind as software, similar to a computer system. Just like a computer needs hardware to run software programs, the brain needs physical structures to process information in the mind.

Question 15

Which psychologist would be most dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in modern psychology?

Accepted Answer

John Watson believed in behaviorism, which emphasized observable and measurable behavior rather than mental processes. He would be dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in modern psychology because he believed that they were not measurable and therefore could not be studied scientifically.

Question 16

"Why am I so depressed?" asked Phia."Obviously," said Dr.Fox, "you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore." Dr.Fox takes an) approach to psychology.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Fox's mention of exploring unconscious turmoil is a key feature of psychoanalytic psychology, which is focused on uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts and issues. The other options do not fit with the given information.

Question 17

The unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to

Accepted Answer

The concept of the unconscious mind is central to psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that unconscious fears, desires, and motivations influence human behavior and that accessing and understanding these unconscious processes is critical for facilitating psychological growth and healing. Structuralism and functionalism focused more on conscious experiences and behavior, while behaviorism largely disregarded internal mental processes in favor of observable behavior.

Question 18

Mandy is talking about her problems on a radio talk show.The host explains that these problems came about because of Mandy's unconscious internal struggles.This explanation is consistent with the approach in psychology.

Accepted Answer

The explanation given by the host about Mandy's internal struggles suggests a psychoanalytic approach in psychology, which focuses on the unconscious mind and how it affects behavior.

Question 19

"I think therefore I behave"-a version of Descartes's statement "I think therefore I am"-indicates the importance of on behavior and would not be agreed with by a behaviorist.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists emphasize that behaviors are shaped by environmental factors, such as rewards and punishments, rather than mental functions or conscious thought. Therefore, they would not agree with the statement that "I think therefore I behave," as it implies that behavior is determined by cognitive processes rather than external events.

Question 20

The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers

Accepted Answer

The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers, including psychoanalytic theory, are based on the idea that much of human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness. This is why techniques like free association and dream analysis are used to uncover these unconscious processes.

Quiz 1: The Science of Psychology