Question 1

IDEA's requirement that students with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment means that:
A)Students should be included in general classrooms as long as they can do the same work that is assigned to everyone else and as long as they do not exhibit behavior problems.
B)Students should be included in general classrooms as long as they do not pose a danger to themselves or others and as long as, given specially adapted instruction, they are able to make reasonable progress toward their educational goals.
C)Students with emotional and behavioral disorders should not be put in physical restraints, except as a last resort.
D)Students should be included in general classrooms as long as their presence does not restrict the progress of their peers.

Accepted Answer

IDEA's requirement for the least restrictive environment means that students with disabilities should be educated in a setting that best meets their individual needs while at the same time being able to participate in the general education curriculum as much as possible. This includes providing necessary accommodations and modifications. The key factor is that the student is able to make reasonable progress towards their educational goals. Therefore, choice B is the best answer as it reflects this requirement.

Question 2

The practice of inclusion involves which one of the following?
A)Keeping students with disabilities together in one class so they can take part in all of their classroom's activities.
B)Selecting high-achieving students to help with the instruction of special needs students.
C)Educating all students, including those with special needs, in the general education classroom.
D)Incorporating instruction in social skills into the regular classroom curriculum.

Accepted Answer

The practice of inclusion involves educating all students in the general education classroom, including those with special needs. This approach promotes socialization and equal access to education for all students. Options A and D may be a part of an inclusive environment, but they are not the main concept. Option B is not inclusive since it only focuses on high-achieving students, leaving out students with special needs.

Question 3

A student with special needs is guaranteed an individualized education program.Who among the following individuals is least likely to be involved in developing this program?
A)The student's parents
B)The student's classroom teacher
C)A specialist in the student's area of need
D)A representative from the district superintendent's office

Accepted Answer

A representative from the district superintendent's office is least likely to be involved in developing the individualized education program. The other options - the student's parents, the student's classroom teacher, and a specialist in the student's area of need - are all key members of the team that develops the student's individualized education program.

Question 4

Which one of the following best illustrates an analytic cognitive style?
A)Jumping to conclusions quickly and accurately
B)Finding triangle shapes hidden within a complex picture
C)Completing seatwork without having to be reminded or prodded
D)Focusing on the overall "whole" of a diagram, with little attention to its specific parts

Accepted Answer

Finding triangle shapes hidden within a complex picture illustrates an analytical cognitive style as it involves breaking down a complex image into smaller parts and analyzing them systematically to identify a specific pattern or shape.

Question 5

In which pair of students do we see a distinct difference in cognitive style?
A)Abby does her assigned readings only if she knows she will be tested on them.In contrast, Adam reads every assignment because he finds the subject matter fascinating.
B)Bill tries hard to do his best at everything.In contrast, Beth works only at tasks that come easily to her.
C)Cara enjoys every minute that she is at school and approaches each new classroom activity with enthusiasm.In contrast, Connor sits at the back of the classroom uninvolved and mumbling under his breath that every activity is "stupid."
D)During a lecture, David learns more from what the teacher says, whereas Donna can more easily remember the pictures and diagrams the teacher presents.

Accepted Answer

David and Donna have different preferred modes of learning, with David being more of an auditory learner and Donna being more of a visual learner. This indicates a distinct difference in cognitive style. The other pairs of students do not necessarily indicate distinct differences in cognitive style, as their differences may be based on factors such as motivation or task difficulty rather than a fundamental difference in how they process information.

Question 6

Ms.Webster tells students, "The author of our history textbook knows what he's talking about.He's a well-respected scholar whose specialty is the period we're reading about this month: colonial America." Although such a statement might certainly be beneficial in some respects, it has which one of the following drawbacks?
A)His statement is unlikely to foster the disposition to critically evaluate textbook content.
B)He is discouraging students with a predominantly verbal cognitive style to read the textbook.
C)Making sense of the statement depends almost exclusively on what Sternberg calls "practical intelligence."
D)Making sense of the statement depends almost exclusively on only two of Gardner's multiple intelligences: interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

Accepted Answer

The statement given by Ms. Webster suggests that the students should trust the textbook author and not question the content critically. This can discourage critical thinking and analysis, which is essential for a complete understanding of any subject matter.

Question 7

In which one of the following ways are students with special needs different from their classmates?
A)A student with special needs is any student who learns best when classroom instruction is adapted to accommodate his or her existing ability levels.
B)There is a typical profile of academic, social and physical strengths and weaknesses for students at a particular grade level, and students with special needs are those who don't fit that profile.
C)Students with special needs are students who cannot reach their full potential in a general education classroom unless special instructional modifications are made.
D)Students with special needs are students whose classroom behaviors are noticeably different from those of their classmates.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which one of the following ways...

Question 8

In the United States, Public Law 94-142, also known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA), provides several specific guarantees for students with disabilities.Which of the following is not one of the PL 94-142's guarantees?
A)A fair, nondiscriminatory evaluation is conducted to determine a student's specific educational needs.
B)Instruction is tailored to meet a student's unique educational needs.
C)Educational decisions are made by a multidisciplinary team.
D)A student's education must occur entirely within the regular classroom.

Accepted Answer

PL 94-142 does not guarantee that a student's education must occur entirely within the regular classroom. In fact, it allows for special education services and settings for students with disabilities as determined by the multidisciplinary team.

Question 9

Three of the following are dispositions that theorists have described.Which one would not be considered a disposition as psychologists typically use the term?
A)Anne has been afraid of snakes since she was a toddler.
B)Barry enjoys logic puzzles, mathematical brainteasers, and other logically challenging tasks.
C)Calvin refuses to take another person's word for something; he always insists that the person back up an idea or opinion with convincing evidence.
D)Drew likes to hear several perspectives on an issue before reaching a conclusion about it.

Accepted Answer

Being afraid of snakes is not a disposition as psychologists typically use the term. Dispositions refer to relatively stable and enduring characteristics or tendencies of an individual, such as personality traits or cognitive styles. Fear of snakes, on the other hand, is a specific phobia and may not necessarily reflect a broader dispositional tendency.

Question 10

Three of the following are accurate statements about the limitations of intelligence tests.Which one is not an accurate statement?
A)The tests focus more on the kinds of things females are likely to know and so are biased against males.
B)The tests focus on skills important in mainstream Western culture and ignore some skills more important in other cultures.
C)Different tests may yield somewhat different scores for any particular student.
D)The tests may underestimate the intelligence of students who have only limited knowledge of English.

Accepted Answer

The statement that intelligence tests are biased against males because they focus more on the kinds of things females are likely to know is not accurate. Intelligence tests are designed to measure a wide range of cognitive abilities that are not specific to any gender. Gender bias in intelligence tests has been a subject of debate for a long time, and most modern tests have addressed this issue by including items that are relevant to both genders.

Question 11

Juliana is a five-year-old who is paralyzed from the neck down and cannot speak.To act in accordance with IDEA's concept of a free and appropriate education, her local school district:
A)Probably will not enroll Juliana because she cannot participate in school activities in a typical way, but it will pay for her enrollment in any private school that will accept her.
B)Should make sure its classrooms are wheelchair accessible, hire an aide to take care of Juliana's personal needs, and find ways to modify the curriculum so she can participate.
C)Will accept Juliana for enrollment, but because she cannot move or speak, she will not be expected to participate in classroom activities or follow an instructional plan.
D)Probably will not enroll Juliana, but if her parents want to teach her at home, the school will provide them with textbooks and other materials.

Accepted Answer

IDEA requires that students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate education, which means that the school district must provide the necessary accommodations and modifications to enable the student to learn and participate as much as possible. In this case, the school district should make sure its classrooms are accessible, provide an aide to assist with personal needs, and modify the curriculum to enable Juliana to participate to the fullest extent possible. Enrollment in a private school is not an acceptable solution because the school district has an obligation to provide education to all students, regardless of their disabilities. Simply accepting Juliana without a plan for her education and participation is also not sufficient. Home schooling is an option, but the school district should still provide support and resources to ensure that Juliana receives an appropriate education.

Question 12

Which example best illustrates the idea of least restrictive environment?
A)Jerry, who uses a wheelchair, is educated in a classroom with no desks or other furniture to constrain his movement around the room.
B)Rudy, who has emotional and behavioral problems, is allowed to attend classes or not, as he wishes.
C)Kevin, who has a hearing impairment, receives education in a class where there are no grades, achievement requirements, or other limits on his freedom.
D)Sheila, who is visually impaired, attends a general education class but has special copies of the textbooks written in Braille.

Accepted Answer

The least restrictive environment means providing the necessary accommodations and support to enable students with disabilities to participate in general education to the greatest extent possible. In this example, Sheila, who is visually impaired, attends a general education class and has special copies of the textbooks written in Braille, which is an appropriate accommodation that allows her to fully participate in the class. Choices A, B, and C do not represent the least restrictive environment as they limit the students' participation in education.

Question 13

Two years ago Sean took an intelligence test and earned a score of 99.Recently he took the same test and earned a score of 102.Yet at school Sean earns straight-A grades, and his teachers consider him to be an outstanding student.Given what you've learned about intelligence tests and IQ scores, choose the most likely explanation for the apparent discrepancy between Sean's IQ score and school performance.
A)Sean probably gets support for academic achievement from family and friends and is motivated to do well at school.
B)School grades are notoriously poor measures of school achievement; Sean's IQ scores are better indicators of what he has learned at school.
C)Sean must have been feeling poorly both times that he took the test, because IQ scores are generally very accurate predictors of children's school grades.
D)Intelligence tests and school grades measure such different abilities that the discrepancy does not require any explanation.

Accepted Answer

The most likely explanation for the apparent discrepancy between Sean's IQ score and school performance is that Sean probably gets support for academic achievement from family and friends and is motivated to do well at school. Intelligence tests measure a narrow set of cognitive abilities and do not account for non-cognitive factors such as motivation, social support, and other environmental factors that can contribute to academic success. It is possible that Sean has strong social support and motivation to do well in school, which is reflected in his straight-A grades, despite his relatively average IQ test scores.

Question 14

Three of the following teachers are likely to promote productive cognitive styles or dispositions related to classroom subject matter.Which teacher is not likely to do so?
A)When talking about the Battle of Normandy during World War II, Ms.Black describes in vivid detail how the Allied forces planned and carried out the invasion.As she talks, she also presents a few maps and many photos to illustrate what happened.
B)In discussions of literature, Mr.Green reminds students that although they may initially have diverse opinions about a novel's underlying theme, they should ultimately agree on a single best way to interpret the novel.
C)In helping an especially impulsive student get ready for an upcoming districtwide achievement test, Mr.Brown gives her a few practice sessions with multiple- choice questions."As you read each new question," he says to her, "tell yourself this: 'I must look at all four choices before I mark an answer.' " He then has her apply this strategy to many practice multiple-choice items.
D)When introducing a new unit about outer space in her science class, Ms.White says, "Astronomers have found some truly fascinating things about the universe.You'll be especially amazed when we look at the nature of black holes.Imagine something with such a strong gravitational pull than even light can't escape it!"

Accepted Answer

Mr.Green's approach to discussions of literature discourages critical thinking and divergent thinking, both of which are important for promoting productive cognitive styles and dispositions. Instead, he emphasizes conformity and consensus, which may discourage students from developing their own interpretations or considering alternative viewpoints. In contrast, the other three teachers seem to promote engagement, curiosity, and critical thinking, which are key components of productive cognitive styles and dispositions.

Question 15

A student at an Inuit school in northern Canada is quite a chatterbox in the classroom; in fact, she is often found talking to a classmate when she should be working quietly.Based on their cultural beliefs, her Inuit teachers are likely to think that this student:
A)Has strong leadership skills
B)Has low intelligence
C)Has little respect for authority figures
D)Might benefit from special educational services for the gifted

Accepted Answer

The answer of A student at an Inuit school in...

Question 16

Which one of the following best illustrates inclusion as it is defined by special educators?
A)Amy, who has dramatic mood swings, joins a regular classroom on the days when she is well-behaved.
B)Alice, who has multiple physical disabilities, has a special classroom where she and a student with severe cerebral palsy are taught.
C)Alex, who has mental retardation, is taught in a general education classroom, where his teacher and a specialist both design and deliver instruction.
D)Andrew, who is deaf, joins a regular class when it goes to art and physical education.

Accepted Answer

Inclusion as defined by special educators involves creating a learning environment where children with disabilities are provided with opportunities to learn alongside their non-disabled peers in general education classrooms. Option C illustrates this definition as Alex, who has mental retardation, is taught in a general education classroom where his teacher and a specialist both design and deliver instruction. This allows him to receive the same education as his non-disabled peers while also being provided with additional support and accommodations to ensure his success in the classroom.

Question 17

What is the primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA)?
A)It ensures that all public schools comply with building codes that make them accessible to students with physical disabilities.
B)It provides funding for grants to schools that demonstrate excellence in their special education programs.
C)It guarantees an education to students with cognitive, emotional and physical disabilities and establishes educational policies for that purpose.
D)It declares that schools have a responsibility to educate all students about the civil rights of people with disabilities.

Accepted Answer

The primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is to guarantee an education to students with cognitive, emotional, and physical disabilities and to establish educational policies that ensure that they receive a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. IDEA provides funding and regulations to support special education programs and services to meet the unique needs of these students. While building accessibility and civil rights education for people with disabilities are important issues, they are not the primary purpose of IDEA.

Question 18

The individualized education program of a special needs student typically has several components.With these components in mind, choose the statement that you are least likely to see in an IEP.
A)"The student has a tested IQ of 85."
B)"The student will successfully solve two-digit subtraction programs that require borrowing."
C)"The student will meet with the speech therapist for 30 minutes once a week."
D)"The student's progress will be assessed by teacher-written tests twice a month."

Accepted Answer

IEPs focus on educational goals, accommodations, and services rather than solely on a student's IQ score. The other options (B, C, D) directly relate to specific educational objectives, supports, or assessment plans.

Question 19

Which one of the following is a legitimate reason for not relying solely on intelligence tests when identifying students who are gifted?
A)Because high achievement is a more important criterion than high intelligence when identifying giftedness, achievement test results are more relevant.
B)Because intelligence tests measure innate intelligence, children whose giftedness is due to an enriched environment may be overlooked.
C)Because it is so easy to get a high score on an IQ test, many nongifted children are apt to be erroneously identified as gifted.
D)Because traditional tests are based largely on mainstream Western culture, children from some ethnic minority groups may be overlooked.

Accepted Answer

Traditional intelligence tests are often based on mainstream Western culture, which may not accurately reflect the cognitive abilities and experiences of children from diverse backgrounds. As a result, relying solely on intelligence tests may lead to underidentification of gifted students from certain ethnic or cultural groups. It is important to use a variety of assessments and criteria to identify giftedness, including achievement tests, teacher observations, and student portfolios.

Question 20

Which one of the following is the best example of a fair and nondiscriminatory evaluation, as defined by IDEA?
A)Greg's teachers are concerned that he is slow to learn the material that his classmates learn easily.They ask the school psychologist to administer an IQ test, and Greg scores a 65.On that basis, he is coded as having mild mental retardation so that he can begin receiving special services.
B)Niki has always had a tendency to get in trouble at school, but in eighth grade her behavior turns violent.She is often heard threatening classmates, and her teachers find her behavior impossible to manage.They believe that she probably has an emotional and behavioral disability.After reviewing her record of misconduct, the school administration agrees.
C)Brandon does well in most subject areas but is failing to master basic arithmetic.His teacher consults the special educator who assesses Brandon's abilities in math and related areas)and the school psychologist who administers an intelligence test).An interdisciplinary team meets to discuss Brandon's test results and classroom performance and determines that Brandon has a learning disability.
D)Holly seems inattentive and often fails to hear her teacher's instructions.Her teacher contacts her family, and Mother makes an appointment for Holly to see a hearing specialist.In the meantime, Holly is enrolled in the special education program so that she won't miss out on instruction while waiting for a diagnosis from the specialist.

Accepted Answer

Option C is the best example of a fair and nondiscriminatory evaluation as it involves a comprehensive and collaborative process of assessing an individual's abilities and assessing their performance in the classroom. An interdisciplinary team analyzes the results of the evaluations to determine if the student has a disability that requires special education services. The evaluation is based on objective criteria and is conducted without bias or discrimination.

Quiz 5: Individual Differences and Special Educational Needs

IDEA's requirement that students with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment means that:

The practice of inclusion involves which one of the following?

A student with special needs is guaranteed an individualized education program.Who among the following individuals is least likely to be involved in developing this program?

Which one of the following best illustrates an analytic cognitive style?

In which pair of students do we see a distinct difference in cognitive style?

In which one of the following ways are students with special needs different from their classmates?

In the United States, Public Law 94-142, also known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA) , provides several specific guarantees for students with disabilities.Which of the following is not one of the PL 94-142's guarantees?

Three of the following are dispositions that theorists have described.Which one would not be considered a disposition as psychologists typically use the term?

Three of the following are accurate statements about the limitations of intelligence tests.Which one is not an accurate statement?

Juliana is a five-year-old who is paralyzed from the neck down and cannot speak.To act in accordance with IDEA's concept of a free and appropriate education, her local school district:

Which example best illustrates the idea of least restrictive environment?

Three of the following teachers are likely to promote productive cognitive styles or dispositions related to classroom subject matter.Which teacher is not likely to do so?

A student at an Inuit school in northern Canada is quite a chatterbox in the classroom; in fact, she is often found talking to a classmate when she should be working quietly.Based on their cultural beliefs, her Inuit teachers are likely to think that this student:

Which one of the following best illustrates inclusion as it is defined by special educators?

What is the primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA) ?

The individualized education program of a special needs student typically has several components.With these components in mind, choose the statement that you are least likely to see in an IEP.

Which one of the following is a legitimate reason for not relying solely on intelligence tests when identifying students who are gifted?

Which one of the following is the best example of a fair and nondiscriminatory evaluation, as defined by IDEA?