Question 1

Wertheimer was associated with __________ psychology.

Accepted Answer

Wertheimer was one of the main founders of the Gestalt psychology movement, which emphasized the importance of studying whole patterns of perception and experience rather than breaking them down into smaller parts as in structuralist psychology.

Question 2

B. F. Skinner is associated with __________.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is primarily associated with behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior and learning.

Question 3

Structuralism emphasizes __________.

Accepted Answer

Structuralism emphasizes the basic units of experience and their combinations. Structuralists believed that by breaking down conscious experiences into their basic components, they could study the structure of the mind. This approach was heavily influenced by the work of Wilhelm Wundt, who is considered the father of experimental psychology. Structuralism was criticized for its focus on introspection and lack of ability to explain complex behaviors.

Question 4

A researcher finds that as her subjects increased the number of hours they spent exercising, the overall weight of her subjects decreased. This would be an example of a _________correlation.

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. In this case, as the number of hours spent exercising increases, the weight of the subjects decreases, showing a negative correlation. The other choices are not applicable - a positive correlation would mean that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases, a zero correlation would mean that there is no relationship between the two variables, and a causal relationship cannot be determined solely through correlation.

Question 5

The first psychology laboratory was founded by __________.

Accepted Answer

The first psychology laboratory was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

Question 6

A researcher asks an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She specifically tells her assistant only to share the results anonymously and not include the names of the students along with their scores. Such an experiment would be considered a

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher asks an assistant to conduct...

Question 7

A young man reads in a letter that he has just won $1,000 in a state-wide lottery and he literally jumps for joy. Which neurons are sending messages from his brain to his legs ordering them to jump?

Accepted Answer

Motor neurons are responsible for sending messages from the brain to muscles, which results in movement such as jumping. Sensory neurons, on the other hand, send information from the outside world to the brain for interpretation, and interaction neurons and association neurons help to communicate between different neurons within the brain. Therefore, motor neurons are the best choice in this scenario.

Question 8

Titchener was a member of the ___________school of thought.

Accepted Answer

Titchener was a structuralist, which was an early school of psychology that focused on analyzing the basic elements or structures of conscious experience, such as sensations and perceptions. They believed that by studying these elements, they could uncover the underlying laws of the mind.

Question 9

By general agreement, psychology was born in __________.

Accepted Answer

Psychology is generally considered to have been born in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

Question 10

Like Watson, Skinner believed that psychology should study only __________.

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that psychology should study only observable behavior, as he believed that mental events were not directly observable and therefore not a valid subject for scientific study. He developed the behaviorist approach which focused on studying how behavior was learned and shaped by the environment through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 11

In the late 20th century, psychology __________.

Accepted Answer

The late 20th century saw a significant expansion in the field of psychology, with the emergence of various subfields, such as cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology, among others. This expansion was driven by new theories, research, and technological advancements, such as brain imaging techniques. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 12

A researcher wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car, but they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher wants to study the effects...

Question 13

Double-blind studies control for

Accepted Answer

Double-blind studies control for both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect. The placebo effect is the phenomenon in which a person's belief that they are receiving a treatment causes a positive response, even if the treatment is actually ineffective. The experimenter effect is the influence that an experimenter's expectations or biases can have on the results of a study. In a double-blind study, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of who is receiving the actual treatment and who is receiving a placebo, which helps eliminate bias and control for the placebo effect.

Question 14

John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as __________.

Accepted Answer

John Watson was the founder of behaviorism, which emphasized the importance of observable behavior and rejected the study of mental processes. Functionalism and structuralism were earlier schools of thought in psychology, while humanism emerged later as a more holistic and person-centered approach to understanding human experience.

Question 15

Freud was the founder of __________.

Accepted Answer

Freud is known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which is a form of therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences as the root of psychological issues.

Question 16

In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep eight hours while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment, the independent variable is

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated, which is the amount of sleep each group was allowed. One group is allowed to sleep eight hours while the other group is made to stay awake.

Question 17

Dr. Calvin needs just one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr. Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces she wants to quit because the experiment is boring. What options does Dr. Calvin have?

Accepted Answer

Participants in experiments have the right to withdraw at any time, and this right applies equally to students and members of the general public. Forcing Lisa to stay against her will would violate ethical principles and could harm the trust between Lisa and Dr. Calvin, as well as the reputation of the research. Dr. Calvin must respect Lisa's decision to withdraw from the experiment and find another participant to complete the study.

Question 18

A famous golfer advertises a new golf bracelet that helps minimize fatigue while playing. If Bethany decides to order the bracelet because she believes that such a well-known personality should know if it works or not, she has made an error in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Bethany is relying on the authority of the famous golfer rather than evaluating the actual evidence for the effectiveness of the bracelet. Therefore, she is making the error of assuming that the claims of the authority or expert are automatically true, which is a fallacy.

Question 19

The first psychology laboratory was opened by __________.

Accepted Answer

The first psychology laboratory was opened by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.

Question 20

Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theories differed from his predecessors because of its emphasis on unconscious processes, which were largely ignored by previous theories of personality.

Quiz 1: The Science of Psychology