Question 1

The __________ ________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

Accepted Answer

The behavioural perspective focuses on observable behaviors and the ways in which they are learned through interactions with the environment. This approach emphasizes the importance of external stimuli and their role in shaping behavior.

Question 2

________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and developmental change is ________.

Accepted Answer

Behavioural theories focus on how environmental stimuli shape observable behaviours, and they often emphasize quantitative changes, such as increases or decreases in the frequency of behaviors.

Question 3

Erikson's theory differs from Freud's in that Erikson believed that development:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that development continues throughout the lifespan, in contrast to Freud's psychosexual theory which suggested development was completed in early childhood. Erikson introduced stages that span from infancy to old age, emphasizing the social and cultural aspects of development.

Question 4

The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behaviour will occur in the future is considered

Accepted Answer

The description given is that of punishment, which is the introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus, with the aim of decreasing the probability of a preceding behavior. Choice A, classical conditioning, involves pairing two stimuli to create a response, while choice C, social-cognitive learning, involves observing and imitating others' behavior. Choice D, reinforcement, involves introducing a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 5

Behaviour modification depends upon which principle?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour modification primarily relies on operant conditioning, which involves changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 6

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by B.F. Skinner. Freud is known for his psychoanalytic theory, Bandura for social learning theory, and Rogers for person-centered therapy.

Question 7

______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviours and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Accepted Answer

Behaviour modification is a technique used to increase desirable behaviors and decrease unwanted ones through various strategies, including reinforcement and punishment.

Question 8

Roger likes to buy lottery tickets regularly because he occasionally wins.This is an example of ________ behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Roger's behaviour of buying lottery tickets is reinforced by occasional wins. Reinforcement refers to the process of increasing the likelihood of a behaviour by providing a consequence that strengthens the behaviour. In this case, winning the lottery reinforces Roger's behaviour of buying tickets, making him more likely to buy tickets in the future.

Question 9

Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioural approach to development?

Accepted Answer

Watson was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioural approach to development. He believed that all behaviour is learned through the environment and that observable behaviours should be the focus of study in psychology.

Question 10

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus alone can evoke the response. This was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell, a response normally associated with the sight or smell of food.

Question 11

In the language of operant conditioning, behaviour that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

Accepted Answer

In operant conditioning, reinforcement strengthens behavior, while punishment weakens behavior. However, if a behavior receives no reinforcement or is punished, it is likely to become extinguished, meaning it will eventually stop occurring altogether. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 12

Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful.Watson would say that Judy's reaction is a result of _________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a previously neutral stimulus (in this case, seeing a small dog) with a biologically significant stimulus (getting bitten by a small dog) which can lead to a learned fear response.

Question 13

_________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from _________ conditioning, where the response is automatic.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, while classical conditioning deals with automatic or reflexive responses.

Question 14

Which of the following is a common criticism of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is often criticized for its vagueness, which makes it difficult to empirically test or validate. This ambiguity challenges the scientific community's ability to either support or refute his propositions with concrete evidence.

Question 15

________ ________ is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It involves a voluntary response that is governed by its consequences.

Question 16

What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behaviour of another person, called modelling?

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive learning theory emphasizes learning through observation, where individuals learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, their behavior. This approach was notably outlined by Albert Bandura and is distinct from classical and operant conditioning, which involve learning through association and consequences, respectively.

Question 17

Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficulty getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math.This is an example of what type of behaviour?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of punishment because Alice's failing grade served as a consequence for putting less effort into her math homework.

Question 18

Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that each of his eight stages presented a unique crisis or challenge that an individual must resolve in order to progress to the next stage of development. These crises relate to conflicts that arise during a particular stage of life, such as trust vs. mistrust in infancy or intimacy vs. isolation in young adulthood. By resolving these crises, individuals develop a sense of competence and identity that fuel their ongoing personal growth and development.

Question 19

Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school.In this situation, the good grades are called

Accepted Answer

The good grades serve as a reinforcement in this scenario, as they increase the likelihood that Susan will continue to engage in the behavior of doing her homework and developing good study habits.

Question 20

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It involves a voluntary response that is governed by the consequences it produces.

Quiz 1: An Introduction to Lifespan Development

The __ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and developmental change is .