Question 1

Syllogism 3E
Given the following syllogism:
Tulips are not daffodils. Hence, since the only flowers in the garden are daffodils, there are no tulips in the garden.
-For Syllogism 3E, the minor premise is:

Accepted Answer

The conclusion states that there are no tulips in the garden. The major premise states that tulips are not daffodils. Therefore, the minor premise must establish that the only flowers in the garden are daffodils. Choice A, "All flowers in the garden are daffodils," provides the necessary premise to reach the conclusion.

Question 2

Syllogism 4E
Given the following syllogism:
Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker, and he won tonight. Thus, Spencer is happy tonight.
-After translating Syllogism 4E into standard form, the conclusion is:

Accepted Answer

Syllogism 4E has a simple structure:
Premise 1: Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker
Premise 2: Spencer won tonight
Conclusion: Spencer is happy tonight
Using standard form, we can translate it as:
Premise 1: If Spencer wins at poker, he is happy (P → H)
Premise 2: Spencer won at poker (P)
Conclusion: Spencer is happy (H)
The conclusion "All times identical to tonight are times Spencer is happy" (D) is the correct choice because it accurately reflects the logical relationship between the premises and the conclusion. The other choices do not accurately reflect the logical relationship established in the syllogism.

Question 3

Given the following enthymeme: Peaches are not ripe unless they are soft, and your peaches are not soft.
The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:

Accepted Answer

The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is the conclusion that can logically be inferred from the given premises. In this case, the conclusion is "Your peaches are not ripe," which is option C. Option A is a valid premise, but it does not complete the syllogism. Option B is not correct, as it flips the premise around to say that all soft peaches are ripe, which is not necessarily true. Option D is the opposite of the correct conclusion and is therefore incorrect. Option E is not relevant to the premises given.

Question 4

Syllogism 1E
Given the following syllogism:
Some workers without papers are licensed drivers, so some workers with papers are not documented citizens, for some undocumented citizens are not unlicensed drivers.
-After reducing the number of terms in Syllogism 1E, the conclusion is:

Accepted Answer

After eliminating the middle term "licensed drivers," the premises become:
- Some workers without papers are not unlicensed drivers.
- Some workers without papers are licensed drivers.
From these premises, we can conclude that some workers with papers (those who are not licensed drivers) are not documented citizens. This corresponds to choice D.

Question 5

Sorites 1E
Given the following sorites:
All F are G.
No T are N.
Some K are N.

-For Sorites 1E, the correct answer is:

Accepted Answer

A Sorites argument is a chain of reasoning that is often invalid due to its structure, where the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.

Question 6

Sorites 1E
Given the following sorites:
All F are G.
No T are N.
Some K are N.

-For Sorites 1E, the second intermediate conclusion is:

Accepted Answer

To find the second intermediate conclusion, we need to combine the first two premises. We can do this by using the method of immediate inference by conversion: "No T are N" can be converted to "No N are T". Now we can see that there is a sub-contrary relationship between "All F are G" and "No N are T", which allows for the possibility of some F not being T. Moreover, the third premise tells us that "Some K are N", which means that there exists at least one thing that is both K and N. Therefore, it follows that "Some K are not F" (since we have already established that some F may not be T). Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 7

Given the following enthymeme: Tiffany sells only expensive watches, so Cartier watches must be expensive.
The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:

Accepted Answer

The missing premise in the enthymeme is that Tiffany sells Cartier watches. Adding this premise would make the syllogism valid:

Premise 1: Tiffany sells only expensive watches. 
Premise 2: Tiffany sells Cartier watches. 
Conclusion: Therefore, Cartier watches must be expensive.

Question 8

Syllogism 2E
Given the following syllogism:
No unbearable experiences are pleasant flights, because all bumpy flights are unpleasant flights and all smooth flights are bearable experiences.
-For Syllogism 2E, the minor premise is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Syllogism 2E
Given the following syllogism:
No unbearable experiences...

Question 9

Syllogism 4E
Given the following syllogism:
Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker, and he won tonight. Thus, Spencer is happy tonight.
-For Syllogism 4E, the minor premise is:

Accepted Answer

The minor premise specifically relates to the event of winning at poker tonight, which directly supports the conclusion about tonight.

Question 10

Syllogism 1E
Given the following syllogism:
Some workers without papers are licensed drivers, so some workers with papers are not documented citizens, for some undocumented citizens are not unlicensed drivers.
-For Syllogism 1E, the minor premise is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Syllogism 1E
Given the following syllogism:
Some workers without...

Question 11

Sorites 1E
Given the following sorites:
All F are G.
No T are N.
Some K are N.

-For Sorites 1E, the first intermediate conclusion is:

Accepted Answer

To find the first intermediate conclusion, we need to combine the first two premises. Combining them, we get:
All F are G and no T are N.
This means that some G are not N. Now, we also know that some K are N. Therefore, we can conclude:
Some K are not G.
Combining this with the first premise "All F are G," we get:
Some K are not F.
So, the correct choice is E, "Some K are not T."

Question 12

Syllogism 1E
Given the following syllogism:
Some workers without papers are licensed drivers, so some workers with papers are not documented citizens, for some undocumented citizens are not unlicensed drivers.
-For Syllogism 1E, the major premise is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Syllogism 1E
Given the following syllogism:
Some workers without...

Question 13

Given the following sorites: No H are C.
All H are R.
All R are P.
Some E are not P.
Some E are not C.
This sorites is:

Accepted Answer

The sorites is invalid because it contains two negative premises: "No H are C" and "Some E are not P." According to the rules of syllogistic reasoning, a valid argument cannot have two negative premises.

Question 14

Syllogism 4E
Given the following syllogism:
Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker, and he won tonight. Thus, Spencer is happy tonight.
-For Syllogism 4E, the major premise is:

Accepted Answer

The major premise of the syllogism is "All times Spencer wins at poker are times Spencer is happy." This statement is the general rule that is being applied to the specific situation of Spencer winning tonight. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 15

Syllogism 3E
Given the following syllogism:
Tulips are not daffodils. Hence, since the only flowers in the garden are daffodils, there are no tulips in the garden.
-After translating Syllogism 3E into standard form, the conclusion is:

Accepted Answer

The premise states that Tulips are not daffodils, therefore there cannot be tulips in the garden if the only flowers in the garden are daffodils. This translates to the conclusion that no flowers in the garden are tulips, making answer choice E the best choice.

Question 16

Sorites 1E
Given the following sorites:
All F are G.
No T are N.
Some K are N.

-For Sorites 1E, the correct standard form is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sorites 1E
Given the following sorites:
All F are...

Question 17

Syllogism 3E
Given the following syllogism:
Tulips are not daffodils. Hence, since the only flowers in the garden are daffodils, there are no tulips in the garden.
-For Syllogism 3E, the major premise is:

Accepted Answer

The major premise of the syllogism is the statement that establishes the initial condition or rule, which in this case is "No tulips are daffodils." This statement sets the foundation for the logical deduction that follows.

Question 18

Syllogism 2E
Given the following syllogism:
No unbearable experiences are pleasant flights, because all bumpy flights are unpleasant flights and all smooth flights are bearable experiences.
-For Syllogism 2E, the major premise is:

Accepted Answer

The major premise directly provided in the given syllogism is "all smooth flights are bearable experiences." This is explicitly stated and forms the basis for further deductions in the syllogism.

Question 19

Given the following enthymeme: Any vehicle that gets good fuel economy is environmentally friendly, and hybrid cars get good fuel economy.
The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:

Accepted Answer

The enthymeme provides two premises: that any vehicle that gets good fuel economy is environmentally friendly, and that hybrid cars get good fuel economy. To create a valid syllogism, we need a conclusion that follows logically from these premises. Option A provides the necessary conclusion: if all vehicles with good fuel economy are environmentally friendly, and hybrid cars have good fuel economy, then it logically follows that hybrid cars are environmentally friendly.

Question 20

Syllogism 2E
Given the following syllogism:
No unbearable experiences are pleasant flights, because all bumpy flights are unpleasant flights and all smooth flights are bearable experiences.
-After reducing the number of terms in Syllogism 2E, the conclusion is:

Accepted Answer

The conclusion "All pleasant flights are bearable experiences" follows logically from the premises given in the syllogism.

Quiz 5: Categorical Syllogisms

Syllogism 3E Given the following syllogism: Tulips are not daffodils. Hence, since the only flowers in the garden are daffodils, there are no tulips in the garden. -For Syllogism 3E, the minor premise is:

Syllogism 4E Given the following syllogism: Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker, and he won tonight. Thus, Spencer is happy tonight. -After translating Syllogism 4E into standard form, the conclusion is:

Given the following enthymeme: Peaches are not ripe unless they are soft, and your peaches are not soft. The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:

Syllogism 1E Given the following syllogism: Some workers without papers are licensed drivers, so some workers with papers are not documented citizens, for some undocumented citizens are not unlicensed drivers. -After reducing the number of terms in Syllogism 1E, the conclusion is:

Sorites 1E Given the following sorites: All F are G. No T are N. Some K are N. -For Sorites 1E, the correct answer is:

Sorites 1E Given the following sorites: All F are G. No T are N. Some K are N. -For Sorites 1E, the second intermediate conclusion is:

Given the following enthymeme: Tiffany sells only expensive watches, so Cartier watches must be expensive. The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:

Syllogism 2E Given the following syllogism: No unbearable experiences are pleasant flights, because all bumpy flights are unpleasant flights and all smooth flights are bearable experiences. -For Syllogism 2E, the minor premise is:

Syllogism 4E Given the following syllogism: Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker, and he won tonight. Thus, Spencer is happy tonight. -For Syllogism 4E, the minor premise is:

Syllogism 1E Given the following syllogism: Some workers without papers are licensed drivers, so some workers with papers are not documented citizens, for some undocumented citizens are not unlicensed drivers. -For Syllogism 1E, the minor premise is:

Sorites 1E Given the following sorites: All F are G. No T are N. Some K are N. -For Sorites 1E, the first intermediate conclusion is:

Syllogism 1E Given the following syllogism: Some workers without papers are licensed drivers, so some workers with papers are not documented citizens, for some undocumented citizens are not unlicensed drivers. -For Syllogism 1E, the major premise is:

Given the following sorites: No H are C. All H are R. All R are P. Some E are not P. Some E are not C. This sorites is:

Syllogism 4E Given the following syllogism: Spencer is happy whenever he wins at poker, and he won tonight. Thus, Spencer is happy tonight. -For Syllogism 4E, the major premise is:

Syllogism 3E Given the following syllogism: Tulips are not daffodils. Hence, since the only flowers in the garden are daffodils, there are no tulips in the garden. -After translating Syllogism 3E into standard form, the conclusion is:

Sorites 1E Given the following sorites: All F are G. No T are N. Some K are N. -For Sorites 1E, the correct standard form is:

Syllogism 3E Given the following syllogism: Tulips are not daffodils. Hence, since the only flowers in the garden are daffodils, there are no tulips in the garden. -For Syllogism 3E, the major premise is:

Syllogism 2E Given the following syllogism: No unbearable experiences are pleasant flights, because all bumpy flights are unpleasant flights and all smooth flights are bearable experiences. -For Syllogism 2E, the major premise is:

Given the following enthymeme: Any vehicle that gets good fuel economy is environmentally friendly, and hybrid cars get good fuel economy. The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism is:

Syllogism 2E Given the following syllogism: No unbearable experiences are pleasant flights, because all bumpy flights are unpleasant flights and all smooth flights are bearable experiences. -After reducing the number of terms in Syllogism 2E, the conclusion is: