Question 1

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"In 1564 approximately three hundred Huguenots - French Protestants - built a colony they called Fort de la Caroline in Timucua country,near present-day Jacksonville,Florida. This intrusion did not go unnoticed by the Spaniards who claimed la Florida.Within a year,adelantado [nobleman] Pedro Mendez de Aviles established a post at St.Augustine and marched his troops forty miles to the north to slaughter the Frenchmen,whom he regarded not only as trespassers but as vile heretics. Thus began a Spanish occupation of strategic spots in the southeast that would last for nearly two hundred years."
Daniel Richter,Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America,2001
-The conflict described in this excerpt was made more intense by the
A) potential wealth to be made from control of territory in the New World.
B) rise of the Columbian Exchange.
C) demise of feudalism in Europe.
D) growth of the Atlantic slave trade.

Accepted Answer

The conflict was fueled by the desire to control territory in the New World, which was believed to be rich in resources and potential wealth. The French Protestants had established a colony in the area, which threatened Spanish claims to Florida and their potential profits from the region. The Spanish saw the French as trespassers and heretics, making the conflict more intense.

Question 2

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The land in the New World] is a marvel;the mountains and hills,and plains,and fields,and land,so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing,for breeding of cattle of all sorts,for building of towns and villages…there are many spiceries,and great mines of gold and other metals. The people of this island,and of all the others I have found and seen,or not seen,all go naked,men and women,just as their mothers bring them forth….as soon as I arrived in the Indies,in the first island that I found,I took some of them by force to the intent they should learn [our speech] and give me information of what there was in those parts."
Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Santángel,1493
-Which of the following occurred as a result of the kind of encounter seen in the passage?
A) Increasing homogenization of culture in the Americas
B) Increased intermixing of culture in the Americas
C) A decrease in economic exchange through triangle trade
D) A decline in technological superiority of Europeans

Accepted Answer

The encounter described in the passage led to an increased intermixing of culture in the Americas. Columbus took native people by force to learn their language and gather information about the area, which suggests a desire to understand and communicate with the native people. This encounter eventually led to the exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas, contributing to a blending of cultures. The other three answer choices are not supported by the passage.

Question 3

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The land in the New World] is a marvel;the mountains and hills,and plains,and fields,and land,so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing,for breeding of cattle of all sorts,for building of towns and villages…there are many spiceries,and great mines of gold and other metals. The people of this island,and of all the others I have found and seen,or not seen,all go naked,men and women,just as their mothers bring them forth….as soon as I arrived in the Indies,in the first island that I found,I took some of them by force to the intent they should learn [our speech] and give me information of what there was in those parts."
Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Santángel,1493
-Which of the following had the most significant impact on developing the economy (as described in the passage),which would evolve between 1491 and 1607?
A) The growth of racially mixed populations in the Americas
B) The development of sophisticated transportation networks
C) Increasingly complex cultural exchanges between Europeans and natives
D) The introduction of slave labor and the encomienda system

Accepted Answer

The introduction of slave labor and the encomienda system had a significant impact on the development of the economy during this time period, as it allowed Europeans to exploit the labor of native peoples and establish profitable plantations and mining operations. The passage indicates that the land was "rich for planting and sowing, for breeding of cattle of all sorts, for building of towns and villages," and that there were "great mines of gold and other metals," which would have been valuable resources to exploit through labor. Additionally, Columbus himself notes that he took some natives by force to "learn [his] speech" and provide information, indicating a desire to gain knowledge and control over the indigenous populations.

Question 4

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[Spaniards'] reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim,which is to acquire gold,and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition,the greatest ever seen in the world,is the cause of their villainies.And also,those lands are so rich and felicitous,the native people so meek and patient,so easy to subject,that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts."
Bartolomé de las Casas,A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,1552
-Spanish expansion described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following trends?
A) Debates over how "civilized" native populations were
B) The growth of republican notions of self-government
C) Increasing immigration from the old world to the new world
D) Increasing political autonomy for natives

Accepted Answer

The excerpt highlights the Spanish conquest with a focus on the destruction and killing of the native populations. This led to debates over how "civilized" the natives were and whether they deserved to be treated as human beings. The passage does not mention any growth in republican notions of self-government, increasing immigration from the old world to the new world, or increasing political autonomy for natives.

Question 5

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft."
Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002
-Sustained contact between Africans and Europeans in the early colonial period often resulted in which of the following?
A) Increases in the conversion of Europeans to Islam
B) Decreases in technological exchanges between Africans and Europeans
C) Homogenization of culture in the Atlantic world
D) Significantly altered worldviews of politics, religion, and culture

Accepted Answer

The excerpt mentions that early European visitors to Africa had the advantage of witnessing African religion first hand during the period of the slave trade, despite their hostility towards it. This sustained contact between Africans and Europeans during the early colonial period likely led to significant alterations in worldviews of politics, religion, and culture.

Question 6

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[Spaniards'] reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim,which is to acquire gold,and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition,the greatest ever seen in the world,is the cause of their villainies.And also,those lands are so rich and felicitous,the native people so meek and patient,so easy to subject,that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts."
Bartolomé de las Casas,A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,1552
-Which of the following historical events preceded the events described by de las Casas?
A) The Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the Americas
B) New sources of mineral wealth led to the rise of capitalism in the European economy
C) The Atlantic slave trade declined in popularity
D) Europeans accepted the political autonomy of Native Americans

Accepted Answer

The excerpt is describing the actions of the Spanish in the Americas, which occurred during the same time period as the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the Americas. Option B is partially correct, as the acquisition of gold did contribute to the rise of capitalism in Europe, but it does not directly relate to the events described in the excerpt. Options C and D are incorrect, as the Atlantic slave trade did not decline until centuries later, and Europeans did not generally accept the political autonomy of Native Americans during this time period.

Question 7

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"It is a heavily populated land. We asked why they did not sow maize;they replied that they were not doing so in order not to lose the crop,for during two consecutive years the rains had failed and the weather had been so dry that all had lost their whole crop of maize,and they did not dare sow it again until there had been copious rain. And they begged us to tell the heavens to rain,and implore them to do so,and we promised that we would do this. We also asked them from where they had brought [the maize they had],and they said from the direction the sun had set,and in all that land there was maize everywhere."
-This passage by de Vaca reflects which of the following?
A) European exploration of the Americas was fueled by desire for wealth.
B) New crops from Europe stimulated native cultures immediately after the Encounter.
C) Technological improvements introduced by Europeans produced changes to Native American economies.
D) The spread of maize culture in North America, which had occurred prior to the Encounter.

Accepted Answer

The passage reflects the spread of maize culture in North America prior to the Encounter, as the natives already had maize and were only not planting it due to recent crop failures. The passage does not mention European desire for wealth, new crops from Europe, or technological improvements introduced by Europeans.

Question 8

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft."
Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002
-European analyses of the culture of Africa would likely have emphasized
A) cultural and religious differences as justification for the slave trade.
B) the economic efficiency of African slavery.
C) the inferiority of Africans as compared to Native American laborers.
D) the importance of cultural diversity in long-term settlements.

Accepted Answer

The passage mentions that many European visitors, especially missionaries, were hostile to African religious ideas and practices, which caused them to misrepresent African religion. This suggests that European analyses of African culture were likely to emphasize cultural and religious differences as justification for the slave trade.

Question 9

The following questions refer to the excerpt below. "It is a heavily populated land. We asked why they did not sow maize;they replied that they were not doing so in order not to lose the crop,for during two consecutive years the rains had failed and the weather had been so dry that all had lost their whole crop of maize,and they did not dare sow it again until there had been copious rain. And they begged us to tell the heavens to rain,and implore them to do so,and we promised that we would do this. We also asked them from where they had brought [the maize they had],and they said from the direction the sun had set,and in all that land there was maize everywhere." -Which of the following contributed most to the issues de Vaca describes in the passage? A) The development of labor systems such as the encomienda system B) Increasingly clear cultural understandings as languages were translated C) Increasing contact between Native Americans and Europeans during the 16^th century D) Cultural misunderstandings between Native Americans and Europeans during the age of encounter

Accepted Answer

The passage describes a situation where Native Americans did not sow maize due to fear of crop failure from drought, indicating a misunderstanding or lack of communication between them and the Europeans, rather than issues related to labor systems, language translation, or contact per se.

Question 10

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[Spaniards'] reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim,which is to acquire gold,and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition,the greatest ever seen in the world,is the cause of their villainies.And also,those lands are so rich and felicitous,the native people so meek and patient,so easy to subject,that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts."
Bartolomé de las Casas,A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,1552
-De las Casas would have agreed with which of the following interpretations?
A) Christians are all motivated by greed.
B) Plantation-based agricultural systems in the Americas required the exploitation of local resources.
C) The Portuguese treated natives with dignity and respect.
D) European treatment of natives was the result of cultural and linguistic misunderstandings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following questions refer to the excerpt...

Question 11

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"In 1564 approximately three hundred Huguenots - French Protestants - built a colony they called Fort de la Caroline in Timucua country,near present-day Jacksonville,Florida. This intrusion did not go unnoticed by the Spaniards who claimed la Florida.Within a year,adelantado [nobleman] Pedro Mendez de Aviles established a post at St.Augustine and marched his troops forty miles to the north to slaughter the Frenchmen,whom he regarded not only as trespassers but as vile heretics. Thus began a Spanish occupation of strategic spots in the southeast that would last for nearly two hundred years."
Daniel Richter,Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America,2001
-The events described by Richter most directly illustrate which of the following developments of the sixteenth century?
A) Spanish traders often partnered with West Africans to recruit slave labor.
B) Indian labor was used to support plantation agriculture.
C) European nations competed for new sources of wealth in the Atlantic world.
D) Changing technology drove economic development in Europe and the Americas.

Accepted Answer

The excerpt describes the competition between the French and Spanish for control of Florida, demonstrating the larger trend of European nations competing for new sources of wealth in the Atlantic world during the sixteenth century. The other choices are not directly related to the events described in the excerpt.

Question 12

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"In 1564 approximately three hundred Huguenots - French Protestants - built a colony they called Fort de la Caroline in Timucua country,near present-day Jacksonville,Florida. This intrusion did not go unnoticed by the Spaniards who claimed la Florida.Within a year,adelantado [nobleman] Pedro Mendez de Aviles established a post at St.Augustine and marched his troops forty miles to the north to slaughter the Frenchmen,whom he regarded not only as trespassers but as vile heretics. Thus began a Spanish occupation of strategic spots in the southeast that would last for nearly two hundred years."
Daniel Richter,Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America,2001
-Which of the following resulted directly from events described in the excerpt?
A) New crops harvested from the Americas led to increases in European populations.
B) Improvements in commerce led to increased life expectancy among Native Americans.
C) The French abandoned all attempts to plant colonies in the Americas.
D) Spanish attempts to convert Native Americans ceased entirely.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following questions refer to the excerpt...

Question 13

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft."
Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002
-As seen in the passage,European attempts to understand African traditions and cultures resulted in which of the following ideas?
A) Mutual understanding and respect among Europeans and Africans
B) An uneasy co-existence between Europeans, African slaves, and American Indians
C) Solidified justifications for the subjugation of Africans
D) Cultural assimilation emphasizing the equal value of European and African practices

Accepted Answer

The passage suggests that European observers, particularly missionaries, were hostile to African religious ideas and practices, which likely contributed to misrepresentations that could have been used to justify the subjugation of Africans.

Question 14

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"It is a heavily populated land. We asked why they did not sow maize;they replied that they were not doing so in order not to lose the crop,for during two consecutive years the rains had failed and the weather had been so dry that all had lost their whole crop of maize,and they did not dare sow it again until there had been copious rain. And they begged us to tell the heavens to rain,and implore them to do so,and we promised that we would do this. We also asked them from where they had brought [the maize they had],and they said from the direction the sun had set,and in all that land there was maize everywhere."
-The development of maize cultivation by the indigenous people encountered here by Cabeza De Vaca would have had which of the following effects on that culture?
A) It would have destabilized the region due to the necessity of access to running water.
B) It would have allowed the development of a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy.
C) It would have encouraged the American Indians to develop mobile lifestyles.
D) It would have supported diversification and economic development.

Accepted Answer

The excerpt suggests that the indigenous people encountered by Cabeza De Vaca were hesitant to sow maize due to the risk of losing their crops in case of failure of rains. However, they also mentioned that there was maize everywhere in the land, indicating that maize cultivation was already an established practice. Thus, if the people were able to successfully cultivate maize, it would have supported diversification and economic development. Option A is incorrect because there is no information in the excerpt regarding access to running water. Option B is incorrect since the excerpt doesn't mention any shift in the economy from hunting and gathering to an agricultural one. Option C is incorrect as there is no information regarding mobility.

Question 15

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The land in the New World] is a marvel;the mountains and hills,and plains,and fields,and land,so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing,for breeding of cattle of all sorts,for building of towns and villages…there are many spiceries,and great mines of gold and other metals. The people of this island,and of all the others I have found and seen,or not seen,all go naked,men and women,just as their mothers bring them forth….as soon as I arrived in the Indies,in the first island that I found,I took some of them by force to the intent they should learn [our speech] and give me information of what there was in those parts."
Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Santángel,1493
-Which of the following cultural and economic shifts was NOT a result of the events described in the passage?
A) Europeans increasingly isolated themselves and tried to maintain cultural and political autonomy.
B) Europeans increasingly exploited Native Americans for labor.
C) Europeans dramatically altered their views of the social, political, and economic relationships between themselves and natives.
D) There was an increased debate over how Native Americans should be treated by Europeans.

Accepted Answer

The passage does not mention any shift towards Europeans isolating themselves or maintaining cultural and political autonomy. Instead, it describes their exploration and exploitation of the New World and its resources, as well as their encounter with and treatment of Native Americans. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 16

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"It is a heavily populated land. We asked why they did not sow maize;they replied that they were not doing so in order not to lose the crop,for during two consecutive years the rains had failed and the weather had been so dry that all had lost their whole crop of maize,and they did not dare sow it again until there had been copious rain. And they begged us to tell the heavens to rain,and implore them to do so,and we promised that we would do this. We also asked them from where they had brought [the maize they had],and they said from the direction the sun had set,and in all that land there was maize everywhere."
-The ideas in this passage most clearly reflect which of the following?
A) European notions of cultural and intellectual superiority over Native Americans
B) Advanced understandings among Native Americans of agriculture during the period
C) Policies of the Catholic church, which encouraged conversion of natives
D) Most Europeans believed that Natives in the New World were unfairly persecuted by Europeans

Accepted Answer

The passage describes the Native Americans' knowledge of agriculture and their experiences with unsuccessful crops due to lack of rain. It does not mention European notions of superiority, Catholic church policies, or beliefs about persecution of natives.

Question 17

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"In 1564 approximately three hundred Huguenots - French Protestants - built a colony they called Fort de la Caroline in Timucua country,near present-day Jacksonville,Florida. This intrusion did not go unnoticed by the Spaniards who claimed la Florida.Within a year,adelantado [nobleman] Pedro Mendez de Aviles established a post at St.Augustine and marched his troops forty miles to the north to slaughter the Frenchmen,whom he regarded not only as trespassers but as vile heretics. Thus began a Spanish occupation of strategic spots in the southeast that would last for nearly two hundred years."
Daniel Richter,Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America,2001
-The events described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?
A) The introduction of new crops and livestock in the American colonies
B) The extermination of natives through warfare and disease
C) The growth of the encomienda system and the use of Indians as slave labor
D) Inter-imperial conflict over territory in the American northeast

Accepted Answer

The Spanish establishment of St. Augustine and their expulsion of the French colonists from Fort de la Caroline set the stage for inter-imperial conflict over territory in the American southeast. This conflict continued for centuries and was a major factor in shaping the colonial history of the region.

Question 18

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The land in the New World] is a marvel;the mountains and hills,and plains,and fields,and land,so beautiful and rich for planting and sowing,for breeding of cattle of all sorts,for building of towns and villages…there are many spiceries,and great mines of gold and other metals. The people of this island,and of all the others I have found and seen,or not seen,all go naked,men and women,just as their mothers bring them forth….as soon as I arrived in the Indies,in the first island that I found,I took some of them by force to the intent they should learn [our speech] and give me information of what there was in those parts."
Letter from Christopher Columbus to Luis de Santángel,1493
-European conquest of the Americas flourished in this period for all of the following reasons except?
A) The introduction of widespread and deadly epidemics
B) Cultural and linguistic differences between Europeans and natives
C) Technological inferiority of Native Americans
D) Sophisticated and advanced cultures in pre-contact America which had adapted to diverse environments

Accepted Answer

The excerpt does not mention sophisticated and advanced cultures in pre-contact America which had adapted to diverse environments as a reason for the flourishing of European conquest. The other three answer choices are mentioned in the excerpt as reasons for the conquest.

Question 19

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[Spaniards'] reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim,which is to acquire gold,and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition,the greatest ever seen in the world,is the cause of their villainies.And also,those lands are so rich and felicitous,the native people so meek and patient,so easy to subject,that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts."
Bartolomé de las Casas,A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,1552
-The ideas expressed by de las Casas were the result of which of the following?
A) European exploitation of native populations and resources
B) The introduction of domesticated livestock into the Western Hemisphere
C) The introduction of African slave labor into the Americas
D) Widespread deadly epidemics caused by encounters with Europeans

Accepted Answer

The excerpt is referring to the actions of Spaniards in the Americas, and specifically the destruction of native populations and resources in pursuit of gold and riches. It is critical of the greed and ambition of the Spanish, who saw the native people as easy to exploit. These ideas were the result of European exploitation of the native populations and resources of the Americas.

Question 20

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"For a historical appreciation [of the slave trade],one must turn to the fairly abundant but problematic writing of sixteenth and seventeenth century visitors from Europe,and a few central African texts. Many of the [European] visitors,especially missionaries,were hostile to African religious ideas and practices,which caused,which caused them to misrepresent African religion,but these early observers had the tremendous advantage of witnessing the religions at first hand during the period of the slave trade. Contemporary eyewitness testimony,for all its problems,is still [central to] the historians' craft."
Linda Heywood,Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora,2002
-Within the Spanish settlements,slaves would find themselves
A) part of a rigidly defined caste system.
B) working essentially independently for Spanish landowners.
C) plagued by European diseases for which they had no immunity.
D) repeatedly forced to give up territory to the expanding settlement patterns.

Accepted Answer

The excerpt does not mention anything about Spanish settlements or the conditions of slaves within them.

Quiz 1: New World Beginnings