Question 1

Building on Prior Research The most useful way of developing hypotheses is
A)conducting a survey.
B)reviewing previous studies.
C)using inductive reasoning.
D)using the phenomenological approach.

Accepted Answer

Reviewing previous studies allows researchers to build upon existing knowledge and identify gaps or areas that require further investigation, which can lead to the development of hypotheses. Conducting a survey may result in the collection of data, but may not necessarily lead to the development of hypotheses. Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on specific observations and may not necessarily lead to the development of testable hypotheses. The phenomenological approach focuses on understanding individuals' subjective experiences and may not necessarily lead to the development of hypotheses.

Question 2

Building on Prior Research A review of prior studies in an area may provide
A)help in identifying important issues.
B)information on previous methodological problems.
C)new research ideas.
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Reviewing prior studies can provide help in identifying important issues, information on previous methodological problems, and new research ideas. Therefore, all of the choices are correct.

Question 3

Building on Prior Research The term, serendipity, means
A)developing hypotheses based on prior research.
B)discovering phenomena we are not seeking.
C)discovering phenomena we are seeking.
D)generating ideas using the phenomenological approach.

Accepted Answer

Serendipity refers to the unexpected outcomes or discoveries that occur during the course of research or exploration. These are often unrelated to the original research or intention, hence it refers to discovering phenomena we are not seeking.

Question 4

Building on Prior Research The ability to recognize the importance of an unexpected observation is most
Relevant to
A)inductive reasoning.
B)intuition.
C)serendipity.
D)the phenomenological approach.

Accepted Answer

Serendipity refers to the occurrence of an unexpected insight or discovery that is made by chance or accident. In research, serendipity can lead to the recognition of an observation that was not originally anticipated but proves to be crucial to the understanding of a phenomenon. This ability to recognize the importance of an unexpected observation is what distinguishes serendipity from intuition, inductive reasoning, and the phenomenological approach.

Question 5

Building on Prior Research Intuition, which can suggest hypotheses, is closest to
A)deductive reasoning.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)phenomenology.
D)reductionism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Building on Prior Research Intuition, which can...

Question 6

Building on Prior Research Which is a source of experimental hypotheses?
A)deductive reasoning
B)intuition
C)nonexperimental studies
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Experimental hypotheses can originate from various sources, including deductive reasoning (where hypotheses are developed based on existing theory), intuition (where hypotheses come from a researcher's creative or instinctual insights), and nonexperimental studies (where hypotheses are generated from the observations and findings of descriptive or correlational research).

Question 7

The Deductive Model ____ is the process of reasoning from general principles to specific cases.
A)Deduction
B)Falsification
C)Induction
D)Reductionism

Accepted Answer

Deductive model is the process of reasoning from general principles to specific cases. It starts with general premises, and then draws a logical conclusion based on those premises. This type of reasoning is commonly used in mathematics, philosophy, and legal reasoning.

Question 8

Building on Prior Research As described in your text, Simon (1967) suggests that intuition
A)has no place in scientific inquiry.
B)is the most valuable tool a scientist has.
C)is best when it comes from an expert.
D)can be used for deduction but not for induction.

Accepted Answer

Simon (1967) suggests that intuition is best when it comes from an expert. He believed that experts have developed patterns of thinking that allow them to make accurate and efficient decisions through intuition. However, he also cautioned that intuition should be used in conjunction with systematic analysis and scientific inquiry.

Question 9

Building on Prior Research Nonexperimental studies are used to test the effects of smoking on human
Subjects due to concern about
A)experimental realism.
B)external validity.
C)internal validity.
D)research ethics.

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental studies are often used in cases where experimental studies would be unethical, such as directly exposing humans to harmful substances like tobacco smoke. Experimental studies involving harmful exposures would violate ethical standards, making nonexperimental approaches necessary to study the effects of smoking on human health.

Question 10

The Deductive Model Peter is about to visit his 2-year-old nephew for the very first time.Peter read that infants learn to walk by their first birthday, so he concludes that his nephew must be able to walk.This conclusion demonstrates
A)deduction.
B)induction.
C)intuition.
D)serendipity.

Accepted Answer

The conclusion drawn by Peter is based on deductive reasoning, as he is applying a general principle or rule (infants learn to walk by their first birthday) to a specific case (his nephew being 2 years old) to reach a specific conclusion (his nephew must be able to walk).

Question 11

The Deductive Model Deduction is the process of reasoning from
A)general principles to specific instances.
B)hypotheses to theories.
C)specific instances to general principles.
D)theories to laws.

Accepted Answer

Deduction involves starting with general principles or premises and then applying them to specific instances in order to draw a conclusion.

Question 12

The Deductive Model Researchers have used equity theory to predict behavior in diverse
Interpersonal situations (e.g., helping behavior and romantic
Relationships).These predictions were generated using ____ reasoning.
A)deductive
B)inductive
C)combined deductive and inductive
D)synthetic

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing a logical conclusion based on premises or assumptions. In this case, researchers have used equity theory as a premise to make predictions about behavior in different interpersonal situations. Therefore, the use of equity theory to make predictions is an example of deductive reasoning.

Question 13

Building on Prior Research To study a possible causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer,
Researchers start with human ____ studies and then progress to
Animal ____ studies.
A)experimental; experimental
B)experimental; quasi-experimental
C)quasi-experimental; experimental
D)correlational; quasi-experimental

Accepted Answer

To establish a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer, researchers cannot manipulate the independent variable (smoking) and measure the dependent variable (lung cancer) in humans experimentally due to ethical concerns. Thus, they can only conduct quasi-experimental studies, which involve comparing groups that were not randomly assigned. Once some evidence is established in quasi-experimental studies, researchers can progress to animal experimental studies where they can manipulate the independent variable and measure the dependent variable under controlled conditions. Therefore, the best choice is (C) quasi-experimental; experimental.

Question 14

Building on Prior Research Pavlov's classical conditioning research contained an element of serendipity
Because Pavlov
A)did not recognize the importance of what he found.
B)discovered this learning process through intuition.
C)intended to study stomach secretions.
D)predicted this form of conditioning based on prior research.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov originally set out to study the digestive system and was not initially interested in the learning process that he stumbled upon through his experiments with dogs. Therefore, his discovery of classical conditioning contained an element of serendipity.

Question 15

Building on Prior Research When we have a hunch about animal behavior in a specific situation, we
A)demonstrate serendipity.
B)sacrifice objectivity.
C)should review prior research to avoid pointless experiments.
D)violate the requirements of scientific research.

Accepted Answer

Reviewing prior research before conducting new experiments is an important step in scientific research. It helps to avoid repeating experiments that have already been done and to build on prior knowledge. This can lead to more meaningful and significant discoveries. Demonstrating serendipity is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is not the best answer to the question. Sacrificing objectivity and violating the requirements of scientific research are not acceptable actions for researchers.

Question 16

Combining Induction and Deduction Theories are typically developed through ____ and then tested using
A)causal modeling; induction.
B)deduction; induction.
C)induction; deduction.
D)intuition; causal modeling.

Accepted Answer

Theories are typically developed through induction, which involves observing patterns and trends and then generating a hypothesis to explain those observations. Once a hypothesis is formed, deduction is used to test it by making specific predictions and using empirical evidence to determine if those predictions are accurate. Therefore, the correct answer is C - induction is used to develop the theory, while deduction is used to test it.

Question 17

Building on Prior Research Nonexperimental studies are often a good source of experimental hypotheses
Because they
A)can help narrow down alternative explanations.
B)establish causal relationships.
C)manipulate antecedent conditions.
D)promote inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental studies can help identify patterns and associations, which can then be used to narrow down alternative explanations and generate potential experimental hypotheses. However, without manipulations of antecedent conditions, nonexperimental studies cannot establish causal relationships on their own. Inductive reasoning may play a role in generating hypotheses but is not unique to nonexperimental studies.

Question 18

Building on Prior Research Jake is taking a break from his schoolwork to read his favorite fashion magazine.Luckily, something he reads in the magazine just happens to give him an idea for an experiment in his Experimental Psychology class.This "technique" for hypothesis generation is known as
A)induction.
B)deduction.
C)serendipity
D)intuition.

Accepted Answer

Serendipity refers to the ability to make a fortunate discovery by accident or by chance. In this scenario, Jake was not intentionally looking for an idea for his experiment, but he stumbled upon it while reading his fashion magazine. Hence, this can be considered an example of serendipity.

Question 19

Building on Prior Research Serendipity can help generate new hypotheses, but only if a researcher
A)conducts laboratory experiments.
B)does not abandon the original research plan.
C)is open to new possibilities.
D)uses inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Serendipity can lead to unexpected findings, but it is only helpful if the researcher is open to new possibilities and willing to explore them. If the researcher is too rigidly focused on their original research plan, they may miss out on important discoveries that could lead to new hypotheses or avenues of inquiry. This requires the researcher to be flexible and able to adjust their plans as needed based on the results of their research. The other options (A, B, and D) do not necessarily relate to the ability to generate new hypotheses through serendipitous discovery.

Question 20

Building on Prior Research ____, which is "knowing with reasoning," is a source of hypotheses.
A)Deduction
B)Induction
C)Intuition
D)Serendipity

Accepted Answer

Intuition, often described as "knowing without reasoning," is a source of hypotheses in research, stemming from a researcher's insights or gut feelings rather than from explicit logical processes.

Quiz 6: Formulating the Hypothesis

Building on Prior Research The most useful way of developing hypotheses is

Building on Prior Research A review of prior studies in an area may provide

Building on Prior Research The term, serendipity, means

Building on Prior Research The ability to recognize the importance of an unexpected observation is most Relevant to

Building on Prior Research Intuition, which can suggest hypotheses, is closest to

Building on Prior Research Which is a source of experimental hypotheses?

The Deductive Model ____ is the process of reasoning from general principles to specific cases.

Building on Prior Research As described in your text, Simon (1967) suggests that intuition

Building on Prior Research Nonexperimental studies are used to test the effects of smoking on human Subjects due to concern about

The Deductive Model Peter is about to visit his 2-year-old nephew for the very first time.Peter read that infants learn to walk by their first birthday, so he concludes that his nephew must be able to walk.This conclusion demonstrates

The Deductive Model Deduction is the process of reasoning from

The Deductive Model Researchers have used equity theory to predict behavior in diverse Interpersonal situations (e.g., helping behavior and romantic Relationships) .These predictions were generated using ____ reasoning.

Building on Prior Research To study a possible causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer, Researchers start with human studies and then progress to Animal studies.

Building on Prior Research Pavlov's classical conditioning research contained an element of serendipity Because Pavlov

Building on Prior Research When we have a hunch about animal behavior in a specific situation, we

Combining Induction and Deduction Theories are typically developed through ____ and then tested using

Building on Prior Research Nonexperimental studies are often a good source of experimental hypotheses Because they

Building on Prior Research Jake is taking a break from his schoolwork to read his favorite fashion magazine.Luckily, something he reads in the magazine just happens to give him an idea for an experiment in his Experimental Psychology class.This "technique" for hypothesis generation is known as

Building on Prior Research Serendipity can help generate new hypotheses, but only if a researcher

Building on Prior Research ____, which is "knowing with reasoning," is a source of hypotheses.