Question 1

Discuss how hope develops, what neurobiology is involved, and what hope predicts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how hope develops, what neurobiology is...

Question 2

What temporal perspective is emphasized in the dominant Caucasian cultural groups in Western cultures?

Accepted Answer

The dominant Caucasian cultural groups in Western cultures typically emphasize a future orientation, focusing on planning, goal-setting, and forward-thinking activities.

Question 3

How would you complete the equation: Agency + Pathways = ________?

Accepted Answer

Hope is the correct answer because it is defined by the presence of both agency (the motivation to achieve goals) and pathways (the routes to achieve those goals).

Question 4

Lopez talks about creating hope from memories. Which part of the brain is involved in this process?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is involved in the formation and retrieval of memories, and it is also involved in the creation of hope from memories.

Question 5

What is an advantage of a present temporal orientation?

Accepted Answer

A present temporal orientation focuses on the current moment, allowing individuals to fully immerse in and enjoy intense activities, leading to greater pleasure.

Question 6

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three temporal orientations - past, present, and future. How do these temporal perspectives differ across cultures?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the...

Question 7

Native Americans, Latinos, African-Americans, and Asian Americans tend to perceive time in a manner in which many things are conceptualized as happening at once with people. What is this called?

Accepted Answer

Polychromic time perception is characterized by the belief that multiple events can happen simultaneously and emphasizes involvement with people over strict adherence to schedules.

Question 8

What is a disadvantage of a past temporal orientation?

Accepted Answer

A past temporal orientation can lead to a conservative and overly cautious approach to life because individuals may focus too much on past experiences and traditions, potentially hindering innovation and risk-taking.

Question 9

Discuss Bandura's concept of self-efficacy with regard to its origins, the cultural context, and its effects on psychological and physical health.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss Bandura's concept of self-efficacy with regard...

Question 10

Your text lists eight factors that are associated with optimism. Discuss four of them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text lists eight factors that are...

Question 11

Who developed the Time Perspective Inventory?

Accepted Answer

Philip Zimbardo developed the Time Perspective Inventory, which is a tool used to assess an individual's temporal orientation, or how they perceive time.

Question 12

In childhood, what is considered crucial in imparting hope?

Accepted Answer

Strong attachment in childhood, particularly with caregivers, is crucial in imparting hope. It provides a sense of security and belonging, which are foundational for developing a positive outlook towards life and future possibilities.

Question 13

Teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects what kind of learning in children?

Accepted Answer

Cause-and-effect learning is the process of understanding how one event leads to another. In this case, teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects cause-and-effect learning because it shows children how their actions can lead to positive outcomes.

Question 14

In discussing the predictors of hope and its factors of pathways and agency, which of the following statements about ethnic differences is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In discussing the predictors of hope and...

Question 15

Which of the following cultures is likely to accentuate the here and now?

Accepted Answer

American Indian cultures often emphasize living in harmony with nature and focusing on the present moment, which aligns with accentuating the here and now.

Question 16

In proving its concurrent validity, what was The Hope Scale negatively correlated with?

Accepted Answer

The Hope Scale was negatively correlated with depression, indicating that higher levels of hope were associated with lower levels of depression.

Question 17

People who see themselves as having a greater capacity for energetic personal self-talk statements such as "I will keep going" are said to have high levels of what?

Accepted Answer

Agency refers to the belief in one's ability to exert control over the environment and to produce desired outcomes, which includes the capacity for self-motivation and persistence, as exemplified by self-talk statements like "I will keep going."

Question 18

African-Americans and Asian-Americans perceive time as ________________,and European Americans perceive time as___________________.

Accepted Answer

African-Americans and Asian-Americans are often associated with a polychromic perception of time, meaning they view time as more fluid and are more comfortable with multitasking and less strict schedules. European Americans, on the other hand, are typically associated with a monochromic perception of time, focusing on one thing at a time and adhering to a more rigid schedule.

Question 19

Differentiate Seligman's learned optimism from Carver and Scheier's definition of optimism. Describe the assessments that are used to measure these two different types of optimism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Differentiate Seligman's learned optimism from Carver and...

Quiz 8: Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and Hope