According to Kohlberg, the phase of moral development in which justification for behavior is based on the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards is:

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In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional level is the first level, where moral reasoning is primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. This level is typical of children but can be found in adults as well.

According to Kohlberg, the Phase of Moral Development in Which