Question 1

About of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers and adults than children reared at home by their mother.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that approximately 17% of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers and adults compared to those reared at home by their mother.

Question 2

"A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components" is the definition of which of the following terms?

Accepted Answer

Emotion is defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. It encompasses physiological (bodily), situational (contextual), and cognitive (thought-related) components, distinguishing it from the other options listed.

Question 3

A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. Then, the observing child also stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of social referencing, where a child looks to others to gauge how to react to unfamiliar or ambiguous situations. Seeing another child not afraid of the stranger informs the observing child's response to the stranger.

Question 4

Emotional regulation refers to

Accepted Answer

Emotional regulation involves the methods individuals use to manage and control their emotions, which is a skill that begins to develop in early childhood.

Question 5

While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a spot of makeup on her nose. When Neisha wakes up, her mother places her in front of a mirror, and Neisha reaches and physically touches her own nose. This means Neisha

Accepted Answer

Neisha's action of touching her own nose upon seeing the spot of makeup in the mirror indicates self-recognition, which is a sign of developing self-concept. This behavior typically emerges around 18-24 months of age, suggesting she understands the reflection is of herself.

Question 6

Izard's theory of emotion assumes that

Accepted Answer

Izard's theory posits that infants are born with a full complement of emotions, which emerge and are shaped through their cognitive development and social experiences.

Question 7

Self-awareness

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and envy.

Question 8

Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, he responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and he takes a long time to adjust to new routines. Which temperament classification most accurately describes Nathan?

Accepted Answer

Nathan's behaviors, such as irregular sleep and feeding schedules, responding to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and taking a long time to adjust to new routines, align with the characteristics of a difficult temperament. This classification is characterized by intense reactions, irregular bodily functions, and a slow adaptation to change.

Question 9

One of the most obvious ways in which parents treat their sons and daughters differently is in their

Accepted Answer

Parents often differentiate between sons and daughters through their choice of clothing, room furnishings, and toys, reflecting societal norms and gender expectations.

Question 10

Match the following:
-Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

Accepted Answer

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by impaired communication skills and repetitive behaviors.

Question 11

Research discussed in the textbook indicates that the statement "children prefer gender-typed toys only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society" is

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children show preferences for gender-typed toys even before they fully understand societal gender roles, indicating that these preferences may not solely be a result of social awareness.

Question 12

Mallory and Steve are parents of a difficult temperament infant. In response to the child's temperament, they become less available and less responsive. As a result, their child becomes more difficult to handle. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates a lack of "goodness of fit," where the parents' responses do not effectively accommodate the child's temperament, leading to increased difficulties.

Question 13

Match the following:
-Fear of strangers

Accepted Answer

Fear of strangers typically begins to develop around 6 to 9 months of age as infants start to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.

Question 14

Stranger anxiety

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety typically begins to develop around 6-9 months of age, as infants start to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.

Question 15

What is the relationship between emotional development and patterns of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Resistant children, often characterized by ambivalent attachment, tend to be more fearful and less joyful due to inconsistent caregiving, which affects their emotional development.

Question 16

Which is the MOST common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas (1989)?

Accepted Answer

The most common form of temperament identified by Chess and Thomas in their studies is the "Easy" temperament, which characterizes children who are generally adaptable, mildly to moderately intense in their reactions, and typically in a positive mood.

Question 17

Kochanska (2001) found that for children who were resistant, their most powerful and persistent emotion was

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kochanska (2001) found that for children who...

Question 18

"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called

Accepted Answer

Personality refers to an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving, which encompasses their distinctive ways of responding to people and events.

Question 19

Izard (1987) claimed to have found four infant facial expressions that he believed were associated with the basic emotions of anger/rage, enjoyment/joy, fear/terror, and interest/excitement. What instrument did he use to assess this?

Accepted Answer

Izard developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System (MAX) to assess infant facial expressions associated with basic emotions. This system allows researchers to identify and categorize specific facial movements that correspond to different emotional states.

Question 20

How stable is temperament?

Accepted Answer

Temperament is considered to be moderately stable from infancy onward. Research has shown that while there can be some changes and developments in temperament as a child grows, core aspects of an individual's temperament tend to remain relatively consistent throughout life. This stability is not exclusive to any gender or ethnic/racial group, making option A the correct choice.

Quiz 7: Infancy-Social-And-Emotional-Development