Question 1

Which theory of perception ascribes much importance to the person's general knowledge stored in memory schemas?

Accepted Answer

The theory of enrichment emphasizes the role of general knowledge stored in memory schemas in perception. This theory suggests that perception is not simply based on incoming sensory information, but is influenced by one's prior experiences and understanding of the world.

Question 2

The measurement of which of the following characterizes the use of the evoked potential method for studying sensation?

Accepted Answer

The evoked potential method measures brain waves from the sensory projection areas to study sensation. A, B, and C are not relevant to this method.

Question 3

In what way are the evoked potential method and the habituation method similar?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development.According to this perspective,which statement would Jai most likely support?

Accepted Answer

DDifferentiation theory suggests that perception starts from the global and undifferentiated and becomes more differentiated and refined over time. Thus, Jai would support the idea that young children's primary task is to learn to detect distinctive features (C) and that perception serves to organize fragmented or confusing sensory stimulation into meaningful experiences (D).

Question 5

How do researchers collect information about infant perception using the preference method?

Accepted Answer

The preference method involves presenting two or more stimuli simultaneously and observing which one the infant attends to more, as this provides an indication of their preference or perception. Options A and B do not involve direct observation of the infant's behavior, while option C only involves a choice between a small number of toys and may not provide enough information about overall perception.

Question 6

If researchers find that experience and environmental influences are critical to perceptual learning,which theory of perceptual development is supported?

Accepted Answer

The enrichment theory suggests that perceptual development is influenced by experience and environmental factors. Therefore, if researchers find that experience and environmental influences are critical to perceptual learning, it would support the enrichment theory.

Question 7

Based on the results of research studies that have used the preference method,which of the following stimuli are infants most likely to prefer?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants tend to prefer novel stimuli over familiar ones. This preference for novelty helps to engage their attention and supports learning and memory development by encouraging exploration of new objects and environments.

Question 8

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-coloured card repeatedly.If the colour of the card is now changed to green,and the infant displays increased interest,what can researchers infer?

Accepted Answer

If the infant displays increased interest when the colour of the card is changed from blue to green, it indicates that the infant can perceive the difference between the two colours. This suggests that the infant is capable of differentiating between different shades of colours.

Question 9

Keith uses a specialized video camera to record the eye movements of infants aged 3 to 6 months old as they are shown a variety of stimuli.After determining how long the infants gaze at each stimulus,he reports that the infants prefer bright red circles to other colours or shapes.Based on this description,which research method is Keith using?

Accepted Answer

Keith is using the preference method to study the infants' visual preferences. He is observing the infants' gaze and recording their responses to different stimuli, specifically noting their preference for bright red circles. The other methods listed (habituation, evoked potentials, and differentiation of perception) involve different experimental techniques for studying infant perception and cognition.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best summarizes the view of enrichment theorists regarding objective reality and perceptual development?

Accepted Answer

Enrichment theorists believe that there is an objective reality, but our cognitive schemes shape how we interpret and perceive that reality. Our cognitive schemes develop and become more sophisticated over time as we gain experience and exposure to different stimuli. However, this does not mean that there is no objective reality, as there are certain features of the environment that are consistent for everyone regardless of their cognitive schemes.

Question 11

Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli.Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response.What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The infant's startle response indicates that they have detected that the new stimulus is different from the previously presented stimuli, and therefore have not habituated to it.

Question 12

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern.Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears.Which research method are you using?

Accepted Answer

The method described involves presenting a stimulus (the first complex pattern) repeatedly until the infant becomes habituated to it, after which a new stimulus (the second face) is presented to see if there is a change in the infant's physiological response. Therefore, this is an example of habituation.

Question 13

What does the process of perception refer to?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does the process of perception refer...

Question 14

Becca,a 3-month-old,is placed in a chamber and shown two different pictures at the same time.The researcher carefully records how long Becca looks at each picture.In this example,which method is the researcher using?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Becca,a 3-month-old,is placed in a chamber and...

Question 15

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a checkerboard pattern.Then you present a checkerboard with a different number of squares and measure changes to his or her brain waves.What research method would you be using?

Accepted Answer

The research method mentioned in the scenario involves presenting a visual stimulus to an infant and measuring changes in their brain waves, which is a classic description of evoked potential. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) evoked potential. (A) evoked preference typically involves presenting two stimuli and measuring which one the infant looks at longer. (B) habituation involves repeatedly presenting a stimulus until the infant loses interest, and then measuring their response to a new stimulus. (D) enriched perception is not a common research method in infant cognition research.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best characterizes how Gibson viewed a child's learning of distinctive features?

Accepted Answer

According to Gibson, a child's learning of distinctive features is an intrinsically motivated process. He believed that children are naturally curious and actively seek out information about the world around them, including the distinctive features of objects and events. Children are not passively waiting to be taught, but are actively engaged in the process of learning from their sensory experiences.

Question 17

Imagine that an infant hears the sound ba over and over,until he or she loses interest and stops listening.If the sound now changes to pa,and the infant still shows no interest,what can researchers infer?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that an infant hears the sound...

Question 18

Which method of studying infant perception involves the measurement of brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Evoked potential is a method of studying infant perception that involves measuring the electrical activity of the brain in response to a specific stimulus. This can provide insight into how infants process and respond to sensory information. Preference, habituation, and high-amplitude sucking are other methods of studying infant perception, but they do not involve direct measurement of brain activity.

Question 19

According to Gibson,what cognitive process has a child acquired when he or she learns to attend to the perceptual qualities of different letters?

Accepted Answer

Gibson's theory of perceptual learning emphasizes the importance of attending to distinctive features in order to recognize and differentiate between stimuli. When a child learns to attend to the perceptual qualities of different letters, they are acquiring the ability to identify distinctive features, which is a key cognitive process in Gibson's theory.

Question 20

What does the process of sensation refer to?

Accepted Answer

The process of sensation refers to the detection of energy from the environment (such as light or sound waves) and transforming it into neural signals that can be sent to the brain for processing. Thus, option A is the correct choice. Option B refers to the interpretation of sensory information, which is part of perception rather than sensation. Option C refers to attention, which is a cognitive process that can modulate sensation but is not part of sensation itself. Option D refers to storage of information, which is part of memory rather than sensation.

Quiz 7: Early Cognitive Foundations