Question 1

Which of the following is a primary emotion that develops gradually during the first postnatal year?

Accepted Answer

Anger is a primary emotion that develops gradually during the first postnatal year. Research has shown that infants as young as two months old display signs of anger, such as vocalizations and facial expressions. Other primary emotions, such as happiness and sadness, also develop during this time, but emotions such as embarrassment, disgust, and pride generally develop later in childhood.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the use of social referencing by a young child?

Accepted Answer

Social referencing refers to a young child's use of others' emotional reactions as a source of information to guide his or her own reactions. This can include looking to a parent or caregiver for cues on how to respond in uncertain or unfamiliar situations. Answer A is incorrect because social referencing assumes that emotional expression is encouraged and can be informative for the child. Answer C is incorrect because while the child may feel a sense of attachment to the caregiver, the primary function of social referencing is to gather information. Answer D is also incorrect because while emotional expression may be involved in the process of social referencing, the focus is on gathering information rather than communication.

Question 3

According to the textbook,when does the full range of emotions emerge?

Accepted Answer

The full range of emotions emerges during the first and second postnatal years, as infants develop and become more socially interactive.

Question 4

Based on recent research,which of the following describes the ability of 7- to 10-month-old infants to discriminate and interpret emotions?

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that 7- to 10-month-old infants are able to discriminate various emotions in others, interpret the emotions of others, and show social referencing. This means they can understand others' emotions, react to them appropriately, and use them as cues for their own behavior. This indicates a high level of emotional and social cognition for infants of this age.

Question 5

Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by infants?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by...

Question 6

Of the following,which group of emotions is the earliest to appear?

Accepted Answer

According to developmental psychologists, the group of emotions that tend to appear earliest in infancy are interest, distress, disgust, and contentment. These emotions are considered more basic and primitive compared to the other groups listed.

Question 7

What does the adaptive regulation of emotions involve?

Accepted Answer

The adaptive regulation of emotions involves suppressing some forms of emotional arousal while maintaining or intensifying others. This is because not all emotions are appropriate or helpful in every situation. For example, suppressing anger in a professional setting but maintaining motivation and excitement can lead to better outcomes.

Question 8

Daphne is 11 months old and her brother Nillson is 2 years old.On a recent visit their aunt brought her new puppy with her,and watched both children's reactions when she first set the puppy on the floor.Given your knowledge of social referencing,how did Daphne and Nillson respond?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Daphne is 11 months old and her...

Question 9

Suppose that the mother of a 4-week-old infant claims that her infant displays interest,happiness,and fear.Based on current research evidence,is this mother's claim valid?

Accepted Answer

Current research evidence suggests that even newborns can display interest, happiness, and fear. Therefore, the mother's claim that her 4-week-old infant displays these emotions is valid.

Question 10

In which of the following societies is conforming to socially approved emotional display rules especially strong?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which of the following societies is...

Question 11

When does a child begin to display complex emotions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When does a child begin to display...

Question 12

Of the following,which set of emotions is most closely tied to a child's understanding of socially acceptable behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride are all socially related emotions that are linked to a child's understanding of socially acceptable behavior. These emotions reflect how a child perceives their actions and how they are perceived by others, which can guide their future behavior and actions.

Question 13

At what age does social referencing first become evident?

Accepted Answer

Social referencing first becomes evident around 7 months of age, when infants begin to use others' emotional expressions and vocal cues to guide their own behavior in uncertain situations.

Question 14

Andrew was expecting his grandmother to give him a game that he had been asking for.He was disappointed when he opened his grandmother's present and found she had given him socks and underwear instead.Based on the research into the acquisition of emotional display rules,what emotions might you expect Andrew to exhibit?

Accepted Answer

The research on emotional display rules suggests that by the age of 8, children are able to successfully mask negative emotions and display positive emotions when necessary. Therefore, it is possible that Andrew may not be able to successfully hide his disappointment and may exhibit negative emotions upon receiving the gift of socks and underwear.

Question 15

When do self-evaluative emotions begin to be displayed in the absence of an external observer?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When do self-evaluative emotions begin to be...

Question 16

Alissa is 3 months old and Raquel is 6 months old.Both infants are prevented from exerting control over some event they have been able to control in the past.How will the two infants react to this situation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alissa is 3 months old and Raquel...

Question 17

A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined.According to recent research findings,is the mother's claim valid?

Accepted Answer

Infants at 8 months of age do not yet have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition required to experience emotions such as shame and embarrassment. These emotions typically emerge later in development. Therefore, the mother's claim is not valid.

Question 18

Children learn to control their emotions and display them according to societal rules.What have researchers found about when this behaviour develops?

Accepted Answer

Research has found evidence for the development of emotional regulation and display of emotions according to societal rules as early as 1 year of age, through studies on infants' reactions to their caregivers' emotional displays.

Question 19

Magdalene is reading a story with her father.At one point in the story the main character encounters a strange dog at the playground.Magdalene's father asks her how she thinks the character will react to the dog.Magdalene responds "It would depend,he might be excited or he might be frightened." Based on this description what is the minimum age that Magdalene is likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Magdalene's response shows some thoughtfulness and understanding of different possible reactions, which is more indicative of a child closer to 8 years old than 2 or 4. It is also unlikely that a 12-year-old would need their father to prompt them with a question about a character's hypothetical reaction in a story.

Question 20

Under what circumstances are toddlers and preschoolers most likely to exhibit self-evaluative emotions?

Accepted Answer

Toddlers and preschoolers are most likely to exhibit self-evaluative emotions when an adult is present. This is because adults are perceived as important figures who hold expectations and standards for behavior, leading children to evaluate their own actions and emotions in relation to those expectations.

Quiz 12: Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment