Question 1

In the textbook notation for experimental design A)X represents control group respondents. B)X refers to the method employed to measure the response variable. C)O represents the exposure of a respondent to an experimental treatment. D)X represents the exposure of a group to an experiential treatment whose effect is to be observed, and O represents the observation Or measurement taken on the group. E)O₁ and O₂ represent the matching of experimental and control groups.

Accepted Answer

In the textbook notation for experimental design, X represents the exposure of a group to an experimental treatment whose effect is to be observed, and O represents the observation or measurement taken on the group.

Question 2

Randomized control group designs A)simultaneously match test and control groups on all dimensions when the sample size is sufficient. B)are sometimes called true experimental designs. C)ensure that sample groups will tend to be similar. D)can be represented as R X O₁ -------------- R O₂ E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Randomized control group designs simultaneously match test and control groups on all dimensions when the sample size is sufficient, are sometimes called true experimental designs, and ensure that sample groups will tend to be similar. The representation of randomized control group designs can be expressed as R X O₁ or R O₂. Therefore, all of the statements in the answer choices are correct.

Question 3

Threats to the validity of continuous panel data include which of the following?
A)history effects.
B)instrumentation effects.
C)before-measure effects.
D)nonrandom selection.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of these (history effects, instrumentation effects, before-measure effects, and nonrandom selection) are potential threats to the validity of continuous panel data. History effects refer to external events or factors that might affect the outcome variable, instrumentation effects refer to changes in measurement procedure, before-measure effects refer to changes in the participants themselves between measurements, and nonrandom selection refers to the possibility of participants self-selecting into the study in a non-random way, which could bias the results. Therefore, all of these threats must be carefully considered and controlled for in order to ensure the validity of continuous panel data.

Question 4

A serious concern with history effects is that
A)they can never be controlled for.
B)they prevent a researcher from concluding that an outcome is the result of experimental manipulation.
C)a researcher may be unaware that they have threatened the validity of an experiment.
D)they tend to inflate observed sales levels.
E)the only way to eliminate them is to conduct a fully controlled field experiment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A serious concern with history effects is...

Question 5

One approach to reducing selection bias is to
A)include a control group.
B)match the experimental and control groups.
C)include volunteers as respondents.
D)use a continuous panel.
E)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

Matching the experimental and control groups can help ensure that any differences in the outcomes of the study are not due to pre-existing differences between the groups. This can help reduce selection bias, which occurs when certain individuals are more likely to be included in one group than the other based on factors unrelated to the study. Including a control group (A) is also important, but on its own may not be enough to reduce selection bias. Including volunteers as respondents (C) may actually increase selection bias, as those who choose to volunteer may differ from those who do not. Using a continuous panel (D) can help reduce some types of bias, but is not specifically aimed at reducing selection bias.

Question 6

The marketing researcher for a game company is conducting an experiment to test customer reaction to the pricing of a new game designed for use by adults.A list of customers who had sent the company complaint letters was readily available, and the researcher rearranged this list by ZIP code, sending every third person a color brochure on the new game.Each respondent was asked to return a postcard, stating an intention to purchase or not to purchase the game at the listed price.Which of the following is true?
A)The sampling method ensures that all geographic areas are represented.
B)The external validity of the study is ensured, since respondents who are sitting in their homes are reacting under real life
Circumstances.
C)The sample is likely to over-represent the lower class.
D)The design of the study suffers from selection bias.
E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The design of the study suffers from selection bias because the researcher only sent the color brochure to customers who had previously sent complaint letters, which may not be representative of the entire population of potential customers.

Question 7

The ABC Company maintains records of brand share attained in each of its sales regions.It does so by surveying retail stores in these regions every quarter.The company is using an)
A)exploratory design.
B)time series experimental design.
C)"try-it-out" design.
D)Solomon Four Group design.
E)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The ABC Company is using a time series experimental design as it is collecting data over time at regular intervals (every quarter) to track the brand share attained in each sales region. This allows the company to analyze trends, patterns, and changes in brand share over time.

Question 8

The Committee for Arts and Lectures CAL) wants to test different promotions for a series of plays.Which statement is true about the following experiment? R X₁ O₁ --------------- R X₂ O₂ --------------- R X₃ O₃ -------------- A)It compares three treatment levels, corresponding to three "levels" of promotion. B)X₁ refers to the observation or measurement of the first group. C)It includes a separate control group. D)It can be classified as a matched control group design. E)None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The experiment has three different treatment levels for testing different promotions, which corresponds to three different levels of promotion. The codes X₁, X₂, and X₃ likely represent the different treatments or levels of promotion. There is no mention of a control group or matched control group design.

Question 9

When it is not possible to make sure that groups in a study have identical characteristics before the administration of an experimental treatment, the researcher should be concerned with
A)testing effects.
B)interaction.
C)selection bias.
D)maturation effects.
E)history effects.

Accepted Answer

When groups in a study have different characteristics before the administration of an experimental treatment, the researcher should be concerned with selection bias, as this can affect the validity and reliability of the results. Testing, interaction, maturation, and history effects are different factors that may impact the study but are not directly related to the initial characteristics of the groups.

Question 10

The "try-it-out" design
A)is not considered to be an "experiment."
B)is not likely to be threatened by history effects.
C)applies the experimental treatment to a subject or group and measures the results.
D)can be represented by the notation O X.
E)none of the above.

Accepted Answer

The "try-it-out" design applies the treatment to a subject or group and measures the results, which corresponds to option C.

Question 11

McDonnelly, a fast food chain, is testing a new kind of sandwich in thirty cities.Three levels of advertising A₁, A₂, A₃) and two price levels P₁, P₂) are being considered.Which of the following is true? 1-McDonnelly is interested in estimating the effects of both advertising and price. 2-The appropriate design is the randomized control group design. 3-The appropriate design is the factorial design. 4-The experiment can be represented by R X₁A₁, P₁) O₁ n = 10 ------------------------- R X₂A₂, P₂) O₂ n = 10 ------------------------- R X₃A₃, P₃) O₃ n = 10 A)1 B)2 C)3 D)4 E)1 and 3

Accepted Answer

A factorial design is appropriate for estimating the effects of multiple factors, such as advertising and price, which McDonnelly is interested in.

Question 12

To infer a causal relationship, which of the following types of evidence does a researcher need?
A)Evidence of a strong association between an action and an outcome.
B)Evidence that the action preceded the outcome.
C)Evidence of a high level of internal validity.
D)Evidence that there are no strongly competing explanations for the relationship between an action and an outcome.
E)All of these

Accepted Answer

To infer a causal relationship, a researcher needs all of these types of evidence. Evidence of a strong association between an action and an outcome is necessary but not sufficient to infer causality. In addition, evidence that the action preceded the outcome is necessary. High level of internal validity is important to reduce the impact of alternative explanations, and evidence that there are no strongly competing explanations for the relationship between an action and an outcome is necessary to establish causality.

Question 13

America Corporation, a major auto manufacturer, wants to test the effectiveness of its "fair and frank" ad messages in changing the existing negative attitudes of the public toward the company's performance, intentions, and efforts to offer a better product. 1-The dependent variable in this study would be sales levels after the ad campaign is over. 2-The dependent variable is the attitude of the population concerning the company's performance, etc. 3-The independent variable is the ad campaign with the "fair and frank" messages. 4-The analysis is attempting to look at the relationship between advertising and attitudes.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)2, 3, and 4

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the attitude of the population (2), the independent variable is the ad campaign (3), and the analysis is examining the relationship between advertising and attitudes (4).

Question 14

When there is no interaction between two variables such as price and advertising, 1-the effects of the two variables are additive. 2-each variable will always have a main effect. 3-the effects of the two variables are not additive.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)2 and 3
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

When there is no interaction between two variables, the effects of the two variables are additive. This means that the impact of one variable can be added to the impact of the other variable to predict the outcome. Therefore, choice 1 is correct while choices 2 and 3 are not relevant.

Question 15

In a full factorial design involving three promotion alternatives, three price levels, and four types of advertising, how many conditions would have to be tested?
A)10
B)20
C)24
D)36
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a full factorial design involving three...

Question 16

In a study to determine the demand level for a new candy bar at various price levels, each respondent was told only one of the three possible prices.Each pricing alternative was told to a randomly chosen third of a representative sample.A measurement of intent to purchase was then taken.The design of this study can be represented by 1- R X₁, O₁) 3- R X₁ O₁ --------------- ------------- R X₂, O₂) R X₁ O₂ --------------- ---------------- R X₃, O₃) R X₁ O₃ 2- R X₁ O₁ 4- M X₁, O₁) --------------- -------------- R X₂ O₂ M X₂, O₂) --------------- ----------------- R X₃ O₃ M X₃, O₃) --------------- ------------------ A)1 B)2 C)3 D)4 E)1 or 2

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study to determine the demand...

Question 17

The key question in a trend study is
A)whether maturation has invalidated the results.
B)whether the measurements following the experimental treatment are a continuation of earlier patterns or mark a decisive change.
C)whether a single random sample or a succession of samples has been used.
D)how the behavior and attitudes of one respondent differ from those of another.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

The key question in a trend study is whether the measurements following the experimental treatment are a continuation of earlier patterns or mark a decisive change. The other options are not necessarily relevant to trend studies.

Question 18

Threats to the validity of a trend study are not likely to include 1-history effects. 2-maturation effects. 3-instrumentation effects.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)1 and 3
E)all of these

Accepted Answer

Trend studies are conducted over a period of time, thus making history and instrumentation effects unlikely to occur. However, maturation effects such as participants growing older, more experienced or tired during the course of the study can threaten the validity of the results.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about history effects?
A)They involve changes in respondents that are a consequence of time.
B)They result from events internal to the research design.
C)They are not diminished by using a non-matched control group design.
D)The longer the time period involved in the experiment, the greater the likelihood that history effects will account for the
Observed results.
E)None of the above

Accepted Answer

History effects refer to external events that occur during the course of an experiment that may affect the outcome. The longer the experiment, the more likely these events will influence the results.

Question 20

In a study in an underdeveloped country, it is expected that urban residents will react more favorably than rural residents to a promotion encouraging family planning.It is important to ensure that the experimental groups will not differ on this dimension. Which of the following is/are true? 1-The study should control for the urban-suburban variable by adding a block effect. 2.This type of study design can be represented by 3.This type of study design can be represented by R X₁, O₁) ----------- R X₂, O₂) ----------- R X₃, O₃) ----------- R X₄, O₄) A)1 B)2 C)3 D)1 and 2 E)1 and 3

Accepted Answer

The statement "The study should control for the urban-suburban variable by adding a block effect" is true, as this will ensure that the experiment groups do not differ on the dimension of urban/rural residence. The statement "This type of study design can be represented by 11eb4ad9_925f_4db7_8c7b_91b99b843e33_TB3180_00" is not relevant to the question and cannot be verified without additional context. The statement "This type of study design can be represented by R X₁, O₁) ----------- R X₂, O₂) ----------- R X₃, O₃) ----------- R X₄, O₄)" is also not directly relevant to the question, but it may represent a randomized block design with urban/rural residence (U) as a blocking variable and four different treatment groups represented by X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄. However, without additional information, it cannot be confirmed that this is the correct interpretation of the design notation.

Quiz 13: Xperimentation

In the textbook notation for experimental design

Randomized control group designs

Threats to the validity of continuous panel data include which of the following?

A serious concern with history effects is that

One approach to reducing selection bias is to

The ABC Company maintains records of brand share attained in each of its sales regions.It does so by surveying retail stores in these regions every quarter.The company is using an)

The Committee for Arts and Lectures CAL) wants to test different promotions for a series of plays.Which statement is true about the following experiment? R X1 O1 --------------- R X2 O2 --------------- R X3 O3 --------------

When it is not possible to make sure that groups in a study have identical characteristics before the administration of an experimental treatment, the researcher should be concerned with

The "try-it-out" design

To infer a causal relationship, which of the following types of evidence does a researcher need?

When there is no interaction between two variables such as price and advertising, 1-the effects of the two variables are additive. 2-each variable will always have a main effect. 3-the effects of the two variables are not additive.

In a full factorial design involving three promotion alternatives, three price levels, and four types of advertising, how many conditions would have to be tested?

The key question in a trend study is

Threats to the validity of a trend study are not likely to include 1-history effects. 2-maturation effects. 3-instrumentation effects.

Which of the following is true about history effects?

The Committee for Arts and Lectures CAL) wants to test different promotions for a series of plays.Which statement is true about the following experiment? R X₁ O₁ --------------- R X₂ O₂ --------------- R X₃ O₃ --------------