Question 1

The greatest number of Ph.D. I/O psychologists work in:

Accepted Answer

The greatest number of Ph.D. I/O psychologists work in universities as they can work as professors, researchers, or even directors of research centers in universities. In academia, they can also supervise student research and continue their own research projects. Additionally, universities require I/O psychologists to teach courses and help students learn about this field.

Question 2

Regardless of the official start date, I/O psychology was born in the:

Accepted Answer

While some early developments in I/O psychology can be traced back to the mid and late 1800s, the field truly began to take shape and gain recognition as a distinct discipline in the early 1900s. This is when important figures such as Hugo Münsterberg and Walter Dill Scott began to publish influential works on topics such as personnel selection, job analysis, and employee motivation, helping to establish I/O psychology as a field with practical applications in the workplace.

Question 3

Psychologists involved in _______ study leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation.

Accepted Answer

Organizational psychology is the field of psychology that studies the behavior of individuals within organizations. This includes areas such as leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation. Personnel psychology focuses more on the selection and assessment of employees, while training and development focuses on improving employee skills and knowledge. Human factors involve the interaction between people, machines, and their environment, but may not directly relate to leadership or job satisfaction.

Question 4

Which of the following is the reason for WHY a study obtains certain results?

Accepted Answer

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. It provides the framework for understanding the reasons behind the results obtained in a study.

Question 5

Which of the following would a student in a doctoral program usually have to complete but a student in a master's program would not?

Accepted Answer

A dissertation is a long research project that doctoral students must complete as a requirement for their degree, while master's students usually complete a thesis, which is shorter than a dissertation. Internships and statistics courses can be required for both master's and doctoral programs.

Question 6

I/O Psychology is a branch of psychology that _____ in the workplace.

Accepted Answer

I/O Psychology (Industrial-Organizational Psychology) applies the principles of psychology to the workplace in areas such as personnel selection, training and development, performance evaluation, and organizational management. While I/O psychologists may address mental health concerns in the workplace, it is not the primary focus of this field. Providing therapy to employees would fall outside of the scope of I/O psychology.

Question 7

I/O psychologists who are involved in ________ study and practice in such areas as employee selection, job analysis, and job evaluation.

Accepted Answer

Personnel psychology focuses on issues related to individuals in organizations, particularly in areas such as selection, placement, training, and evaluation. This aligns with the areas of study and practice mentioned in the question, making A the best choice. Organizational psychology, on the other hand, focuses more broadly on the structure and functioning of organizations as a whole, while training and development is concerned with improving individual and group performance through learning interventions. Human factors is another branch of psychology that is concerned with the design of systems, products, and environments to optimize human performance and safety. While there may be some overlap between these areas and the work of I/O psychologists, A is the most specific and accurate choice.

Question 8

I/O psychology examines factors that affect the _______ in an organization, whereas business fields examine the broader aspects of running an organization.

Accepted Answer

I/O psychology specifically focuses on the human aspects of an organization, including factors such as employee motivation, job satisfaction, and communication. Business fields, on the other hand, may also include areas such as finance, marketing, and operations management. While stock performance may be a consideration in both fields, it is not the primary focus of I/O psychology. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 9

Changes in employee behavior that result from an employee being studied or receiving increased attention from mangers is called the:

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne effect refers to the phenomenon where participants in a study or experiment change their behavior simply because they know they are being observed or receiving increased attention. It was first observed during the Hawthorne studies, which were conducted in the 1920s and 1930s by researchers at Western Electric's Hawthorne Works in Chicago.

Question 10

The ____ were characterized by passage of several major pieces of civil rights legislation.

Accepted Answer

The 1960s were characterized by the passage of several major pieces of civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968. These laws aimed to combat racial discrimination in employment, voting rights, and housing.

Question 11

The study of leadership is part of:

Accepted Answer

The study of leadership is primarily part of organizational psychology, which focuses on understanding human behavior in organizations and how it affects organizational success. Personnel psychology primarily deals with topics such as recruitment, selection, and assessment of employees. Training and development focuses on improving employee skills and performance. Human factors deals with how humans interact with technology and equipment.

Question 12

I/O Psychology first started about:

Accepted Answer

I/O (Industrial-Organizational) Psychology first started around 1903, when Walter Dill Scott published the book "The Theory of Advertising". However, the field didn't become recognized as a distinct branch of psychology until the 1960s.

Question 13

Hypotheses are based on:

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses are typically based on previous research, logic, and theories. Researchers use previous research and theories to form a logical basis for their hypotheses, which can then be tested empirically through experiments or other research methods. Therefore, all three options - previous research, logic, and theories - are important bases for hypotheses.

Question 14

Compared to Ph.D.'s, master's level graduates are less often employed by:

Accepted Answer

Ph.D.'s are generally preferred for teaching and research positions at universities, while master's level graduates are more commonly employed in the private industry, consulting firms, and the public sector.

Question 15

To get accepted into a graduate program in I/O psychology, a student usually must take which of the following standardized tests?

Accepted Answer

The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is the standardized test typically required for admission to graduate programs in I/O psychology. The LSAT is for law school, the MCAT is for medical school, and the SAT is for undergraduate admissions.

Question 16

The use of more sophisticated statistical techniques, a more aggressive approach in developing methods to select employees, and an increased interest in the application of cognitive psychology to industry took place in the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The use of more sophisticated statistical techniques,...

Question 17

The _____ were a husband and wife team who were among the first scientists to improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the motions used by workers.

Accepted Answer

The Gilbreths, Frank and Lillian, were known for their contributions to the fields of industrial engineering and management, particularly in the area of motion studies to improve worker productivity and reduce fatigue. The other options listed (Watsons, Scotts, Binghams) do not have a significant historical association with this field of study.

Question 18

In which decade were the Hawthorne studies published.

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne studies were conducted from 1924 to 1932 and the results were published in the 1930s, specifically in 1939. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 1930s.

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT a reason why you should understand research and statistics?

Accepted Answer

All of these (answering questions, research is part of everyday life, and common sense is often wrong) are important reasons why understanding research and statistics is important.

Question 20

According to your text, the most important reason for the reliance on research is that it ultimately:

Accepted Answer

The text states that the most important reason for relying on research is that it ultimately saves an organization money. While reducing accidents, increasing employee satisfaction, and reducing turnover are all potential benefits of conducting research, they are not the primary reason for relying on research.

Quiz 1: Introduction to I/O Psychology