Question 1

Which of the following would be evidence to support the conclusion that an infant made an A­not­B error due to motor perseveration?

Accepted Answer

Option B shows that the infant was looking at location A but reaching toward location B, which indicates motor perseveration. Option A would indicate a visual error, option C would indicate a lack of memory or understanding of object permanence, and option D could mean that the infant simply needed immediate feedback and was not necessarily indicative of a motor perseveration error.

Question 2

Researchers investigating the role of experience in 7­ month­old infants' representational abilities found that object permanence:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers investigating the role of experience in...

Question 3

The violations­of­expectations procedure relies on infants' tendencies to:

Accepted Answer

The violations-of-expectations procedure is used to measure infants' understanding of the world by presenting them with unexpected events that violate their expectations. Infants often show a longer period of staring or increased attention to events that they find surprising or unexpected, indicating that they have noticed a discrepancy between what they expected to happen and what actually happened. Therefore, the procedure relies on infants' tendency to stare at events that they consider to be surprising.

Question 4

What is the A­not­B error?

Accepted Answer

The A-not-B error refers to the tendency of infants 8 to 12 months of age to search for an object in a place it has previously been found (A), rather than in the second place where they have seen it being hidden (B).

Question 5

Baillargeon and her colleagues studied infant reasoning about nonvisible objects. These studies relied on:

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon and her colleagues utilized all of these methods in their studies of infant reasoning about nonvisible objects. Habituation was used to familiarize infants with certain events, object permanence was tested by hiding objects from view, and impossible events were presented to gauge infants' reactions to events that violated their expectations.

Question 6

The finding that infants are able to successfully find hidden objects when allowed to search for them immediately suggests that the A­not­B error:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The finding that infants are able to...

Question 7

Piaget observed that 8­ to 12­month­old infants will continue to search for an object where they last found it (Position A), even when they are shown the object being moved to a new location (Position B). He called this the "A­not­B error." Recent research now shows that their difficulty in searching for objects may be due in part to:

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that the A-not-B error may be due to a combination of factors including memory limitations, perseveration, and capture errors, making all the provided answers correct.

Question 8

Using the violation­of­expectancies method, investigators have found that between 3 and 9 months of age, and sometimes earlier, infants appear to have at least an initial grasp of a wide variety of physical laws concerning the behavior of objects. For example, it has been demonstrated that infants in this age range show surprise when:

Accepted Answer

All of the given scenarios are examples of infants showing surprise and therefore suggest that infants have at least an initial grasp of physical laws concerning the behavior of objects.

Question 9

Perseveration refers to the infant's tendency to:

Accepted Answer

Perseveration refers to the repetition of a movement or action, even when it is no longer necessary or desirable. This is a common behavior in infants as they are learning and exploring their environment. For example, they may repeatedly drop a toy and pick it up again, or push a button over and over.

Question 10

Which of the following results is most consistent with Wynn's investigations of whether young babies can count?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following results is most...

Question 11

Baillargeon and her colleagues found that when 2½­ month­old infants were shown an event in which an object appeared to pass behind an open window without becoming visible the infants were:

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon and her colleagues found that infants were more attentive to impossible events, indicating they have some understanding of object permanence.

Question 12

The current thinking on inborn cognitive capabilities is:

Accepted Answer

Researchers in the field of cognitive development are still debating and researching the extent to which cognitive capabilities are inborn versus learned through experience. While some researchers believe infants come into the world with certain innate understandings, there is no consensus on the specific capabilities or how much they influence cognitive development.

Question 13

At present it appears clear that environmental stimulation can speed up certain aspects of children's development. But whether this has any lasting effect also depends on:

Accepted Answer

All of the answers are correct. The lasting effects of environmental stimulation on children's development depend on the exact nature of the stimulation, the cultural context the child will later live in, and also the processes of human evolution. Therefore, all the options given in the question contribute to determining the lasting effects of environmental stimulation on children's development.

Question 14

Dynamic systems explanations of conceptual development emphasize the role of infants:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dynamic systems explanations of conceptual development emphasize...

Question 15

Varying the time before infants are allowed to search for an object in Piaget's A­not­B task had which of the following results?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Varying the time before infants are allowed...

Question 16

The continued use of a once­successful solution whenever possible can result in:

Accepted Answer

The continued use of a once-successful solution whenever possible can result in capture errors, which occur when a solution that has been successful in the past is applied inappropriately to a new problem because it seems familiar. This can lead to errors and may prevent the discovery of more effective solutions. Choice A, violations of expectation, refers to a situation where an event violates a person's expectations based on previous experiences, but it is not directly related to the continued use of a solution. Choice B, object permanence, refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed, and is not related to the question. Choice D, conduct errors, is not a defined concept in the given context.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes infants' behaviors toward novel objects?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements best describes...

Question 18

What statement best summarizes the current research on the understanding of objects and their properties in infancy?

Accepted Answer

While there have been many studies on infants' understanding of objects and their properties, there is no consensus on how much innate knowledge infants have in this area. Some researchers believe that infants have certain biases or tendencies that lead to the development of knowledge about objects, but there is still ongoing debate and research in this field. Therefore, choice D is the best statement to summarize the current research on the understanding of objects and their properties in infancy.

Question 19

Studies by Baillargeon and her colleagues using violation­of­expectation techniques have provided some evidence that infants' knowledge of objects:

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's studies using violation-of-expectation techniques suggest that infants as young as 3.5 to 4 months of age have some knowledge about the properties of objects, such as their solidity and continuity. This suggests that infants' knowledge of objects most likely develops earlier than 8 months of age.

Question 20

Baillargeon's studies of infant reactions to possible and impossible events increased our understanding of reasoning about nonvisible events because she relied on:

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon used methods that did not require infants to take action, such as habituation and violation of expectation paradigms, to measure their understanding of nonvisible events. This allowed her to study reasoning about nonvisible events without relying on motor responses.

Quiz 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

Which of the following would be evidence to support the conclusion that an infant made an AnotB error due to motor perseveration?

Researchers investigating the role of experience in 7 monthold infants' representational abilities found that object permanence:

The violationsofexpectations procedure relies on infants' tendencies to:

What is the AnotB error?

Baillargeon and her colleagues studied infant reasoning about nonvisible objects. These studies relied on:

The finding that infants are able to successfully find hidden objects when allowed to search for them immediately suggests that the AnotB error:

Perseveration refers to the infant's tendency to:

Which of the following results is most consistent with Wynn's investigations of whether young babies can count?

Baillargeon and her colleagues found that when 2½ monthold infants were shown an event in which an object appeared to pass behind an open window without becoming visible the infants were:

The current thinking on inborn cognitive capabilities is:

At present it appears clear that environmental stimulation can speed up certain aspects of children's development. But whether this has any lasting effect also depends on:

Dynamic systems explanations of conceptual development emphasize the role of infants:

Varying the time before infants are allowed to search for an object in Piaget's AnotB task had which of the following results?

The continued use of a oncesuccessful solution whenever possible can result in:

Which of the following statements best describes infants' behaviors toward novel objects?

What statement best summarizes the current research on the understanding of objects and their properties in infancy?

Studies by Baillargeon and her colleagues using violationofexpectation techniques have provided some evidence that infants' knowledge of objects:

Baillargeon's studies of infant reactions to possible and impossible events increased our understanding of reasoning about nonvisible events because she relied on:

Quiz 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

Which of the following would be evidence to support the conclusion that an infant made an A­not­B error due to motor perseveration?

Researchers investigating the role of experience in 7­ month­old infants' representational abilities found that object permanence:

The violations­of­expectations procedure relies on infants' tendencies to:

What is the A­not­B error?

Baillargeon and her colleagues studied infant reasoning about nonvisible objects. These studies relied on:

The finding that infants are able to successfully find hidden objects when allowed to search for them immediately suggests that the A­not­B error:

Perseveration refers to the infant's tendency to:

Which of the following results is most consistent with Wynn's investigations of whether young babies can count?

Baillargeon and her colleagues found that when 2½­ month­old infants were shown an event in which an object appeared to pass behind an open window without becoming visible the infants were:

The current thinking on inborn cognitive capabilities is:

At present it appears clear that environmental stimulation can speed up certain aspects of children's development. But whether this has any lasting effect also depends on:

Dynamic systems explanations of conceptual development emphasize the role of infants:

Varying the time before infants are allowed to search for an object in Piaget's A­not­B task had which of the following results?

The continued use of a once­successful solution whenever possible can result in:

Which of the following statements best describes infants' behaviors toward novel objects?

What statement best summarizes the current research on the understanding of objects and their properties in infancy?

Studies by Baillargeon and her colleagues using violation­of­expectation techniques have provided some evidence that infants' knowledge of objects:

Baillargeon's studies of infant reactions to possible and impossible events increased our understanding of reasoning about nonvisible events because she relied on:

Which of the following would be evidence to support the conclusion that an infant made an AnotB error due to motor perseveration?

Researchers investigating the role of experience in 7 monthold infants' representational abilities found that object permanence:

The violationsofexpectations procedure relies on infants' tendencies to:

What is the AnotB error?

The finding that infants are able to successfully find hidden objects when allowed to search for them immediately suggests that the AnotB error:

Baillargeon and her colleagues found that when 2½ monthold infants were shown an event in which an object appeared to pass behind an open window without becoming visible the infants were:

Varying the time before infants are allowed to search for an object in Piaget's AnotB task had which of the following results?

The continued use of a oncesuccessful solution whenever possible can result in:

Studies by Baillargeon and her colleagues using violationofexpectation techniques have provided some evidence that infants' knowledge of objects: