Question 1

Which of the following is not likely to be considered when addressing a water excess or deficit?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory rate is less directly related to water excess or deficit compared to blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output, which are more directly influenced by the body's hydration status.

Question 2

A patient is given 1000 mL D5W IV. The change in the compartment volume of the patient's intracellular fluid is:

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Which is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis?

Accepted Answer

Striated muscle injury is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis, which occurs when muscle tissue breaks down rapidly and releases its contents into the bloodstream. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as trauma, crush injuries, excessive exercise, and drug use. Electrolyte imbalances and metabolic disorders can also contribute to rhabdomyolysis, but they are not the most common cause. Repetitive muscle injury may contribute to rhabdomyolysis, but it is not typically the primary cause.

Question 4

Which IV solution is contraindicated for patients with hyponatremia?

Accepted Answer

D5W (5% dextrose in water) is contraindicated in patients with hyponatremia because it is hypotonic and can worsen hyponatremia by further diluting the sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid.

Question 5

When a set of routine electrolytes is ordered, the difference between all the cations and all the anions in the body is known as the:

Accepted Answer

The difference between the concentrations of all measured cations (mainly sodium and potassium) and all measured anions (mainly chloride and bicarbonate) is known as the anion gap. It is calculated by subtracting the sum of chloride and bicarbonate from the sum of sodium and potassium. The anion gap helps in diagnosing metabolic acidosis, where there is excessive accumulation of acid in the body.

Question 6

Which is the major intracellular anion?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate is the major intracellular anion, as it is an essential component of nucleotides, phospholipids, and many other important cellular molecules. Bicarbonate, chloride, and hydrogen are all important anions in the body, but they are primarily found extracellularly.

Question 7

A urinary pH level greater than which value may indicate infection?

Accepted Answer

A urinary pH level greater than 7 may indicate an infection, as normal urine pH typically ranges from 4.5 to 8, with a neutral pH at 7. Urinary tract infections can cause the urine to become more alkaline.

Question 8

A patient with which sodium concentration is in greatest need of water?

Accepted Answer

A sodium concentration greater than 150 mEq/L indicates severe hypernatremia, which is a condition resulting from a significant deficit of water in relation to the body's sodium stores. This condition necessitates prompt water intake to correct the imbalance.

Question 9

Which factor is not considered when calculating a patient's daily sodium intake?

Accepted Answer

The consistency of the food is not a factor that is considered when calculating a patient's daily sodium intake. The amount of sodium in the food, the ratio of sodium to water, and the rate at which sodium is consumed are all important factors to consider when calculating daily sodium intake.

Question 10

What is the major intracellular cation?

Accepted Answer

The major intracellular cation is potassium. It plays a significant role in maintaining cell membrane potential, protein synthesis, and cell growth. Calcium, magnesium, and sodium are all important ions in the body, but they are primarily found outside of the cell.

Question 11

Using the RIFLE classification, a patient is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) if he/she produces less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr urine for which time period?

Accepted Answer

The RIFLE classification defines acute kidney injury (AKI) based on several criteria, including urine output. According to this classification, a patient is diagnosed with AKI if they produce less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr of urine for more than 24 hours.

Question 12

Which condition is likely when serum potassium levels decline to less than 3 mEq/L?

Accepted Answer

When serum potassium levels decline to less than 3 mEq/L, the condition is likely hypokalemia, which can be associated with metabolic alkalosis.

Question 13

A patient dying of starvation is likely to have these in his/her urine specimen?

Accepted Answer

A patient dying of starvation is likely to have ketones in their urine specimen. When the body is in a state of starvation, it starts to break down fats for energy, leading to the production of ketones. These ketones can be detected in the urine and are a sign of the body using fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. Bacteria, hemoglobin, and white blood cells are not typically associated with starvation.

Question 14

People suffering from the common cold risk overdosing on which popular analgesic because it is found in a wide variety of products that cold sufferers often take at the same time?

Accepted Answer

Acetaminophen is found in a variety of cold and flu products, and if people take multiple products containing acetaminophen at the same time, they may unknowingly exceed the recommended maximum daily dose and risk overdose. Celecoxib, ibuprofen, and naproxen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and are not typically found in cold and flu products.

Question 15

Which cation plays a role in muscle contraction and nerve conduction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ions are crucial for muscle contraction and nerve conduction as they facilitate the interaction between actin and myosin in muscles and help in the release of neurotransmitters in nerves.

Question 16

The intravascular compartment contains which fraction of the total body fluids?

Accepted Answer

The intravascular compartment, which includes the blood plasma, contains about 1/12 of the total body fluids.

Quiz 13: Renal Problems