Question 1

Which of the following is not one of the four concepts underlying the development of parole in the United States?

Accepted Answer

The four concepts underlying the development of parole in the United States are (1) reduction in length of incarceration as reward for good conduct, (2) supervision of parolee, (3) imposition of indeterminate sentence, and (4) release of offenders to alleviate prison overcrowding. Option D (reduction of prison populations) is not one of the four concepts underlying the development of parole in the United States.

Question 2

Three European prison administrators are credited for implementing the first modern-day parole practices in their home countries, one of which was _____, the first Spanish prison administrator to institute a system of parole in his home country of Spain.

Accepted Answer

The question specifically mentions "the first Spanish prison administrator to institute a system of parole in his home country of Spain." Therefore, the correct answer must be Manuel Montesinos from the given options. While the other administrators mentioned (Sir Walter Dali and Alexander Maconochie) are known for their contributions to prison reform, there is no mention of them specifically instituting parole practices in their home countries. Option D (Jorge Augustus) is not a known historical figure associated with prison reform or parole practices, so it can be excluded as well.

Question 3

A likely reason parole become more popular in United States after the 1930s is that the public valued _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A likely reason parole become more popular...

Question 4

The first state legislature to pass a law recognizing "good time" as a reward for a good behavior was

Accepted Answer

New York was the first state to pass a "good time" law in 1817, allowing for sentence reduction as a reward for good behavior among prisoners.

Question 5

Alexander Maconochie used a _____ system, whereby the duration of a sentence would be decided by the prisoner's good conduct.

Accepted Answer

Alexander Maconochie introduced the marks system, where prisoners could earn marks through good behavior, which would then reduce the length of their sentence.

Question 6

The _____ is based on the concept of just deserts and even-handed punishment that calls for fairness in criminal sentencing, in that all persons convicted of a similar offense will receive a like sentence.

Accepted Answer

The justice model is based on the concept of just deserts and even-handed punishment that calls for fairness in criminal sentencing, in that all persons convicted of a similar offense will receive a like sentence. The casework era refers to a period of social work when individualized casework was emphasized. The medical model is a model of health that defines health as the absence of illness and disease. The service broker model is a model of service delivery in which a service broker matches clients with appropriate services.

Question 7

Parolees typically serve _____ under supervision in the community.

Accepted Answer

Parolees typically serve one to two years under supervision in the community.

Question 8

About one-third of U.S. states have a(n)____________ structure that limits the discretion of parole boards for felonies.

Accepted Answer

States with determinate sentencing structures have fixed sentencing guidelines for different crimes, and offenders are typically required to serve a minimum percentage of their sentence before being considered for parole. This limits the discretion of parole boards in determining release dates for felons. Approximately one-third of U.S. states have this type of structure.

Question 9

_____ is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence under supervision in the community.

Accepted Answer

Parole is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence under supervision in the community. Probation is similar, but it is the suspension of a sentence that allows a convicted offender to remain in the community, under the supervision of a probation officer, instead of being sentenced to jail or prison. Work release and furlough are temporary releases from a correctional institution for specific purposes (such as work or family visits) but do not involve supervision in the community.

Question 10

Which of the following reason(s) presented by the American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities have been used to justify the continued usage of parole in America?

Accepted Answer

The American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities justify the continued use of parole for several reasons: parole boards can mandate participation in treatment programs, victims have more input in parole hearings compared to automatic releases, and release decisions under parole are made by humans rather than computers, allowing for more nuanced decision-making.

Question 11

A parole board makes decisions about _____ release.

Accepted Answer

A parole board makes discretionary decisions about release, meaning they have the power to decide whether or not to release an offender early based on certain criteria like behavior, rehabilitation, and public safety. Expiration release is automatic and based on a predetermined sentence completion date, while mandatory release is also automatic but based on serving a certain percentage of the sentence. Surety release involves the posting of a bond to guarantee the offender's appearance in court.

Question 12

Under the system established at the Elmira Reformatory, volunteer citizens known as _____ supervised parolees.

Accepted Answer

The word "supervised" implies a role of guardianship or oversight. Trustees and sureties do not necessarily have this connotation, and "bobbies" is a term used for police officers in the UK, which would not apply to a volunteer citizens program in Elmira.

Question 13

Zebulon R. Brockway introduced the first parole system in which state in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Zebulon R. Brockway introduced the first parole system in New York in 1876 as the superintendent of Elmira Reformatory.

Question 14

The word parole is derived from the French parole d'honneur, which means

Accepted Answer

The word parole is derived from the French phrase "parole d'honneur," which means "word of honor." This reflects the idea that when an individual is released on parole, they are giving their word that they will abide by the conditions of their release and not commit any further offenses.

Question 15

Under ____________ release, offenders reentered society when correctional authorities and board members believed they were ready or they had improved their lives enough to earn the privilege to be released.

Accepted Answer

Discretionary release allows authorities to exercise their discretion and release offenders when they believe they are ready to reenter society. Exclusionary release is not a commonly used term in corrections, mandatory release refers to a release date determined by law or sentence length, and good-time release is based on an offender's behavior during their incarceration.

Question 16

Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie's innovations on Norfolk Island, became the chief administrator of the __________ prison system in 1854.

Accepted Answer

Sir Walter Crofton became the chief administrator of the Irish prison system in 1854, implementing Maconochie's principles of classification, education, and progressive stages of release.

Question 17

Under the medical model, the court set a minimum and maximum release date and the parole board determined when the appropriate time was to release the offender back into the community. This is a(n) _________ sentence.

Accepted Answer

The medical model of sentencing uses an indeterminate sentence, where the court sets a minimum and maximum release date, but the actual release date is determined by the parole board based on the offender's rehabilitation and readiness to reenter society. A determinate sentence specifies a fixed term of imprisonment with no discretion for early release. A mandatory sentence requires a minimum sentence for specific offenses, leaving no discretion for the judge or parole board. A presumptive sentence allows for a range of sentences with a recommended midpoint, but the judge has discretion to depart from that recommendation.

Question 18

The _____ has the highest concentration of parolees in the United States.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ has the highest concentration of...

Question 19

In the 1970s, there was a move away from individualism, rehabilitation, and sentence indeterminacy toward giving the offender a more punitive sentence based on the offense. This type of sentencing practice is known as _________ sentencing.

Accepted Answer

The question describes a shift towards more punitive sentences based on the offense committed, which is characteristic of determinate sentencing. Indeterminate sentencing allows for more discretion and flexibility, while rehabilitative sentencing focuses on the rehabilitation of the offender rather than punishment. Split sentencing involves a combination of custodial and non-custodial sentences. Therefore, the best choice is determinate sentencing (B).

Question 20

Release from prison after 100% of a sentence has been served is known as _____ release.

Accepted Answer

Expiration release is when an offender is automatically released from prison after serving 100% of their sentence, without any further review or decision-making by a parole board or other authority.

Quiz 3: History of Parole and Mandatory Release