Question 1

Which of the following measures when employed will help managers to create positive instrumentalities among employees?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following measures when employed...

Question 2

_____ is a person's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task or accomplish a particular goal. It is a crucial aspect of motivation because individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenges and persist in the face of obstacles. Expectancy and instrumentality are also components of motivation theory but do not specifically relate to an individual's belief in their own capabilities. Credibility is the quality of being trusted and believed in, and competency refers to a person's ability to perform a task effectively.

Question 3

Which of the following is FALSE about equity theory?

Accepted Answer

Equity theory is based on the idea that people measure the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs and the outcomes and inputs of others. It is not based on the belief that working hard will necessarily result in achieving a desired level of task performance.

Question 4

Which of the following is true about valence?

Accepted Answer

Valence is the value that a person assigns to the possible rewards and other work-related outcomes. It is an important component of Expectancy Theory, which suggests that individuals are motivated to perform well when they believe that their effort will lead to high performance, and that high performance will lead to desired outcomes (valence).

Question 5

In equity theory, people compare ___with the result of ___.

Accepted Answer

Equity theory proposes that people compare their personal outcomes (such as rewards, recognition, etc.) to others' outcomes in similar situations and determine if they are being treated fairly (perceived equity) or unfairly (perceived inequity). This comparison process affects their motivation and satisfaction levels in the workplace. Therefore, the correct option is C, which explains that people compare personal outcomes with others' outcomes to determine perceived equity or inequity.

Question 6

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, managers can build positive expectancies by:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Vroom's expectancy theory, managers can...

Question 7

According to Albert Bandura, if a person gains confidence through positive experience, it is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, if a person gains confidence through positive experience, it is referred to as enactive mastery. This means that a person’s confidence is built through their own personal experiences of success and mastery.

Question 8

_____ is a person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy is a key component of expectancy theory in psychology and management, which posits that individuals are motivated to act in certain ways based on the expectation that their efforts will lead to desired performance and outcomes.

Question 9

When thinking about Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, it is better to say "We first need to backup our data so that we do not lose it in case the new system does not work like we think it will". This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of clarifying goal priorities, as it is stating that the first priority is to backup data before implementing a new system. Building goal acceptance and commitment, providing feedback on goal accomplishment, rewarding goal accomplishment, and setting challenging goals are not demonstrated in this statement.

Question 10

If people perceive they are being under-rewarded, they believe they are getting less ___ than ____.

Accepted Answer

Under-reward refers to the perception of receiving less rewards (outputs) than inputs (efforts and contributions). This is consistent with option D. Options A, B, C, and E do not accurately capture the concept of under-reward.

Question 11

According to expectancy theory, if a person has high instrumentality, he will:

Accepted Answer

High instrumentality means that the individual believes that a high level of performance will result in receiving rewards. Therefore, he will be able to link high performance and available rewards.

Question 12

According to Vroom's theory of motivation, if a person believes that he or she can achieve the performance level necessary to get promoted, the person is said to have _____.

Accepted Answer

Vroom's theory of motivation states that motivation is a result of three variables - expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will result in improved performance. Positive expectancy means the person believes they can achieve the performance level necessary to attain the desired outcome, in this case, a promotion.

Question 13

When thinking about Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, each member on the team gets a $1000 bonus for working hard to get a new customer to purchase solely from the company. This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of rewarding goal accomplishment as the team is receiving a $1000 bonus for achieving their goal of getting a new customer to purchase solely from the company.

Question 14

When thinking about Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, people like to have some say in how to reach a goal and what the goal should be. This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

Locke's Goal-Setting Theory emphasizes the importance of building goal acceptance and commitment among individuals, which includes involving them in the goal-setting process and giving them some autonomy in how to reach the goal. This is known as participative goal setting, and it increases the likelihood that individuals will be motivated to achieve the goal. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 15

Managers can effectively obtain the motivational benefits of goal setting by:

Accepted Answer

Encouraging employees to set goals and providing feedback on their performance towards achieving those goals is an effective way for managers to obtain the motivational benefits of goal setting. It is also important to reward employees for their accomplishments as it reinforces the behavior and encourages continued success. Setting unattainable goals or pressurizing employees to meet expectations may have the opposite effect and demotivate them instead.

Question 16

A person's belief that successful performance will be followed by rewards and other work-related outcomes is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality is the belief that if one performs well, then a valued outcome will be received. It's a key concept in expectancy theory, which explains motivation in terms of an individual's expectations about their ability to achieve outcomes.

Question 17

When thinking about Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, it is better to say "I want you to work for four hours on this task" rather than "Try your hardest". This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

The statement "I want you to work for four hours on this task" is an example of setting specific goals, which is one of the key elements of Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory. Specific goals have been shown to lead to higher performance than vague or general goals, and they also help build goal acceptance and commitment. While clarifying goal priorities, providing feedback on goal accomplishment, and rewarding goal accomplishment are also important elements of the theory, they are not demonstrated in this particular example.

Question 18

When thinking about Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, a managers says "You are doing a great job by staying focused on this task". This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

The manager's statement is an example of providing feedback on goal accomplishment, which is one of the components of Locke's Goal-Setting Theory. It does not relate to building goal acceptance and commitment, clarifying goal priorities, setting challenging goals, or setting specific goals.

Question 19

If people perceive they are being over-rewarded, they believe they are getting more ___ than ___.

Accepted Answer

This is an application of the equity theory of motivation. According to this theory, people compare their inputs (effort, skills, education, etc.) and outputs (rewards, salary, recognition, etc.) to those of others to determine if they are being treated fairly. If people perceive they are being over-rewarded (getting more outputs than they deserve based on their inputs), they experience a sense of guilt or discomfort, and they may adjust their inputs or outputs to restore equity. Therefore, the answer is D because it reflects the comparison of perceived outputs to inputs.

Question 20

When thinking about Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, it should be possible to accomplish the task at hand even if it may be difficult to reach the goal. This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

Locke's Goal-Setting Theory emphasizes the importance of setting challenging yet attainable goals to motivate individuals and improve performance.

Quiz 16: Motivation Theory and Practice