Question 1

The internal validity of the pre-post designs is threatened by threats related to time.

Accepted Answer

Pre-post designs are vulnerable to threats related to time such as history, maturation, and testing effects. These threats can compromise the internal validity of the study.

Question 2

Differential research is an example of the quasi-experimental research strategy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Differential research is an example of the...

Question 3

A differential research design comes closer to being a true experiment that other similar designs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A differential research design comes closer to...

Question 4

The concept of nonequivalent groups means that the number of participants is different from one group to another.

Accepted Answer

Nonequivalent groups refer to groups that differ in some way other than the treatment or intervention being studied, not necessarily in the number of participants.

Question 5

History effects occur in nonequivalent group designs because the groups probably have different participant characteristics.

Accepted Answer

History effects refer to events that occur during the course of a study which may affect the outcomes, not differences in participant characteristics between groups.

Question 6

A pretest-posttest study is an example of a nonequivalent groups design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A pretest-posttest study is an example of...

Question 7

Quasi-experimental studies attempt to minimize threats to validity but nonexperimental studies make little or no attempt.

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental studies, by definition, involve some level of manipulation of an independent variable and attempt to incorporate control groups, random assignment, and other design elements to minimize threats to validity. Nonexperimental studies, on the other hand, typically lack these design elements and therefore make little or no attempt to minimize threats to validity.

Question 8

The pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design reduces the threat of assignment bias and limits time-related threats and therefore is a quasi-experimental design.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true. The pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design is a type of quasi-experimental design that includes a control group and a treatment group, but participants are not randomly assigned to the groups. However, the design aims to reduce the threat of assignment bias by selecting participants for the treatment and control groups based on factors such as age, gender, and baseline performance. The design also includes pre-test and post-test measures taken to assess the effect of the treatment. By using a control group and pre-test measures, the design aims to reduce the impact of potential confounding variables and limit time-related threats, such as maturation or history effects.

Question 9

The time-series design is an example of the quasi-experimental research strategy.

Accepted Answer

The time-series design is a type of quasi-experimental research strategy where data is collected over time to examine the effect of a treatment or intervention. In a time-series design, the same group of participants is measured at multiple time points, which allows for comparison of behavior before and after the intervention or treatment.

Question 10

A repeated-measures analysis of variance is the appropriate statistical analysis for comparing mean differences for a differential design comparing samples representing three populations.

Accepted Answer

A repeated-measures ANOVA is used when the same subjects are measured multiple times, not for comparing different samples from separate populations.

Question 11

The changes that occur as a person ages from child to adult to elderly are called cohort effects.

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects refer to differences in developmental experiences and outcomes that result from being born and growing up in different historical contexts or cultural environments, not just from the aging process itself.

Question 12

A research study that compared married men,divorced men,and single adult men is an example of the differential research design.

Accepted Answer

The differential research design is used to compare different groups, such as married vs. divorced vs. single men in this case. Therefore, it is true that a research study that compares married men, divorced men, and single adult men is an example of the differential research design.

Question 13

Nonexperimental research typically involves looking at differences between preexisting groups or at changes that occur over time.

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental research involves observing and comparing preexisting groups or changes over time, as opposed to manipulating variables in an experiment.

Question 14

In a pretest-posttest design,a researcher makes multiple observations before and after the introduction of a treatment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a pretest-posttest design,a researcher makes multiple...

Question 15

In a cross-sectional developmental study,age would be the quasi-independent variable.

Accepted Answer

In a cross-sectional developmental study, age is typically the variable being studied and is thus considered the quasi-independent variable.

Question 16

The posttest-only nonequivalent control group design comes close to being a true experiment and is therefore is a quasi-experimental design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The posttest-only nonequivalent control group design comes...

Question 17

A researcher in Mississippi measured visits to the school counselor for a group of students for three weeks in the spring.In the fall,immediately after a major hurricane,the researcher again measured the students' counselor visits to see if there had been any change.This researcher is using an interrupted time-series design.

Accepted Answer

The researcher is measuring the same group of students over time (three weeks in the spring and immediately after a major hurricane in the fall), with a clearly defined event (the hurricane) interrupting the time series. This is the definition of an interrupted time-series design.

Question 18

Nonexperimental studies always contain a threat to internal validity,which means that these studies cannot establish unambiguous cause-and-effect relationships.

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental studies do not involve manipulation of an independent variable, so there is no way to control for other factors that may influence the outcome. This leads to a threat to internal validity and thus, nonexperimental studies cannot establish clear cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 19

A cross-sectional design comparing three different ages would require three separate groups of participants.

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design compares different groups at the same time. In this case, three different age groups would require three separate groups of participants.

Question 20

One group is measured before and after a treatment in a typical pre-post study.

Accepted Answer

In a pre-post study, one group is measured before and after a treatment or intervention. Therefore, the statement is true.

Quiz 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.