Question 1

A researcher who draws conclusions about individual-level processes from group-level data is constructing a(n) ______ fallacy.

Accepted Answer

The researcher is committing an ecological fallacy by assuming that conclusions drawn from group-level data also apply at the individual level without considering individual-level factors.

Question 2

Probability sampling methods depend on nonrandom selection procedures.

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling methods require random selection procedures to ensure representative sampling of a population. Nonrandom selection procedures would introduce bias and threaten the validity of the sample.

Question 3

______ sampling is useful for hard-to-reach populations for which there is no sampling frame, but in which the members are somewhat interconnection (at least some members of the population know each other such as drug dealers, sex workers, and so on).

Accepted Answer

Snowball sampling is the most appropriate choice for hard-to-reach populations with no sampling frame, where the members are somewhat interconnected. This method relies on initial contacts to refer or nominate other eligible individuals to participate in the study. This can be especially useful for studying marginalized or stigmatized populations. Simple random, stratified random, and purposive sampling methods may not be effective for such populations.

Question 4

Cross-population generalizability refers to the ability to generalize from a sample (subset) of a larger population to that population itself.

Accepted Answer

Cross-population generalizability refers to the ability to apply findings from one population to another, different population, not just from a sample to its larger population.

Question 5

Stratified random sampling differentiates all elements in the population on the basis of their value on some relevant characteristic, and then they are ______.

Accepted Answer

In stratified random sampling, the population is first divided into homogenous subgroups or strata based on some relevant characteristic. Then, within each stratum, a random sample is drawn. This method ensures that each subgroup of the population is represented in the sample, and also reduces the variability in the sample by ensuring that subgroups with unique characteristics are adequately represented in the sample. Therefore, the correct answer is C, where elements are sampled randomly from within these strata.

Question 6

When data about individuals are used to make inferences about group-level processes, this problem creates a(n) ______ fallacy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When data about individuals are used to...

Question 7

A major hazard in survey research is ______ because those who do not respond to a survey are likely to differ systematically from those who do.

Accepted Answer

Nonresponse is a major hazard in survey research because it can lead to biased results. Nonrespondents are likely to differ from respondents in systematic ways, which means that the sample may not be representative of the population being studied. This can limit the generalizability of the findings and make it difficult to draw accurate conclusions. Randomization, quantity, and generalizability are important considerations in survey research, but they do not address the specific problem of nonresponse.

Question 8

Probability sampling methods are those in which the probability of selection is known and not zero.

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling methods involve random selection of participants, and the probability of selection for each participant is known and not zero. This ensures that the sample is representative of the population and helps to generalize the results of the study to the larger population.

Question 9

Sampling methods that do not reveal the likelihood of selection in advance are likely to ______.

Accepted Answer

Sampling methods that do not reveal the likelihood of selection in advance are examples of nonprobability sampling methods. Nonprobability sampling methods are often used when probability sampling is not feasible, and they are not based on chance selection. They are potentially biased, as the selection of participants is done at the discretion of the researcher or based on other criteria such as ease of access or willingness to participate. As a result, they have serious methodological issues associated with them.

Question 10

Units selected at each stage of a multistage sample design are known as sampling units.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Sampling units are the units chosen at each stage of a multistage sample design.

Question 11

The ability to generalize from findings about one group, population, or setting to other groups, populations, or settings is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Cross-population generalizability refers to the ability to generalize findings from one population or setting to other populations or settings. Crossed sample generalizability refers to the ability to generalize findings from one sample to other samples, while sample validation refers to the process of validating a sample's representativeness of a larger population. Resource generalizability pertains to the generalizability of findings across different resources, such as different instruments or observers.

Question 12

Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality are also known as ______ observations.

Accepted Answer

Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality are considered inaccurate because they do not align with the actual facts or reality.

Question 13

The U. S. Justice Department's National Crime Victimization Survey is an excellent example of a(n) ______ sample.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The U. S. Justice Department's National Crime...

Question 14

Unlike probability samples, when collecting a sample using nonprobability sampling techniques, elements within the population ______.

Accepted Answer

Nonprobability sampling techniques do not provide a known probability of being selected into the sample, so the elements within the population do not have a known probability of being selected.

Question 15

Simple random sampling requires a procedure that generates numbers or identifies cases ______.

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling requires selecting cases strictly on the basis of chance. This means that each case has an equal probability of being selected, and there is no systematic bias or preference for certain cases.

Question 16

In criminological research, the units under study are known as the units of ______.

Accepted Answer

The units under study in criminological research are typically referred to as units of analysis. This refers to the individuals, groups, organizations, or social processes that are being examined in order to generate insights about criminal behavior and related phenomena. The other options (analytics, isolationism, randomness) are not applicable to this context.

Question 17

In their classic study of neighborhoods and crime, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls (1997) surveyed individuals and then averaged those responses to create a construct at the neighborhood level called "collective efficacy." The units of analysis they used was at the ______ level.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their classic study of neighborhoods and...

Question 18

Sample generalizability depends on sample quality, which is determined by the ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sample generalizability depends on sample quality, which...

Question 19

A sample that looks similar to the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant to the study is known as a(n) ______ sample.

Accepted Answer

A representative sample is a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn. This type of sample is important because it allows researchers to draw accurate conclusions about the population as a whole based on their results. To be representative, the sample must be similar to the population in all relevant respects, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and other important demographics. The other options (B, C, and D) are not relevant to the concept of a representative sample.

Question 20

In a census, of all the elements of a population, the probability that any particular element will be selected is 1.0.

Accepted Answer

In a census, all elements of the population are selected, so the probability of selecting any particular element is 1.0 (or 100%).

Quiz 5: Sampling