Question 1

In what cultures do adolescents tend to be strongly peer-oriented and to value the opinions of their peers highly, especially on day-to-day issues such as how they are dressed and what they say in social situations?

Accepted Answer

Western cultures, particularly those in North America and Europe, tend to place a high value on peer influence and conformity during adolescence. In these cultures, adolescents often seek to fit in with their peers and may adjust their behavior, appearance, and speech to match social norms and expectations within their peer group. Some Asian cultures also place a strong emphasis on peer conformity, but this varies depending on the country and specific cultural values. Developing countries and African cultures may have different priorities and values, which may influence the degree to which adolescents prioritize peer opinion and conformity.

Question 2

David Gilmore (1990) concluded that, in most cultures, an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man: _____.

Accepted Answer

David Gilmore (1990) stated that the three capacities an adolescent boy needs to demonstrate to be considered a man in most cultures are to provide, protect, and procreate. These capacities are related to the traditional roles assigned to men, such as being the breadwinner, defender, and successor of the family line.

Question 3

What is being presented when individuals put on a self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling?

Accepted Answer

When individuals put on a self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling, they are presenting a false self.

Question 4

Girls tend to use physical appearance when determining their global self-esteem. Because girls tend to view their physical appearance ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that girls often have lower global self-esteem than boys during adolescence, and this is partly due to the focus they place on their physical appearance. Girls are more likely to base their self-worth on their appearance, which can lead to negative self-evaluations and lower global self-esteem.

Question 5

The overall conclusion of several longitudinal studies shows that self-esteem slightly ____ in early adolescence, then slightly ____ through late adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The overall conclusion of several longitudinal studies...

Question 6

The ____ self is a self that adolescents present to others while realising that it does not represent what he or she are actually thinks and feels.

Accepted Answer

The false self is a self that adolescents present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she actually thinks and feels. This can be a product of social pressures or a desire to fit in with certain groups.

Question 7

Your family values education, but your younger brother is a very poor student and has always been a poor student. His global self-esteem is quite high. How can this be?

Accepted Answer

His high self-esteem despite being a poor student could be because he does not place much importance on education, so his self-worth is not affected by his academic performance.

Question 8

The actual self as defined by scholars is an adolescent's ____.

Accepted Answer

The actual self is defined as an adolescent's self-conception, which includes their beliefs about their own qualities, abilities, and attributes. This is distinct from their ideal self (the self they aspire to be) and their perceived self (how they believe others see them).

Question 9

Who is more likely to emphasise physical appearance as a basis for their self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that adolescent females are more likely to place a higher emphasis on physical appearance as a basis for their self-esteem compared to adolescent males. This could be due to societal pressures on women to conform to narrow beauty standards.

Question 10

During adolescence, gender intensification is often considerably stronger in ____.

Accepted Answer

Gender intensification is often stronger in traditional cultures due to more rigid gender roles and expectations compared to the more flexible and egalitarian views typically found in Western cultures.

Question 11

Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a university degree. Having a teaching career in mind, Kerry knows that she does not want to work in a job similar to her mother's. Which of the following self-concepts best describes Kerry trepidation of working in a dissatisfying career like her mother does?

Accepted Answer

Kerry's concern about ending up in a dissatisfying career like her mother's is an example of the "feared self," which represents what she is afraid of becoming.

Question 12

Your 15-year-old cousin exaggerates his performance in nearly every story that he tells. He claims to be a better athlete than he is, a better musician than he is and much more popular than he actually is. To what type of self is he referring?

Accepted Answer

The ideal self refers to how a person would like to be, encompassing aspirations and goals, which aligns with your cousin's exaggerations of his abilities and popularity.

Question 13

To whom are adolescents most likely to show the self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents are most likely to present a false self to dates as they may feel the need to impress or conform to perceived expectations in romantic or social situations.

Question 14

Your 17-year-old niece is very careful not to get involved with any types of substances and has no friends who engage in substance use of any kind. Her brother, who is 8 years older than she is, had a serious substance abuse problem during his high school years. What type of self is your niece concerned about?

Accepted Answer

Your niece's behavior suggests that she is concerned about her feared self, which is the self she fears becoming. Her brother's substance abuse problem may have influenced her perception of the negative consequences of substance use, leading her to be cautious about engaging in it.

Question 15

Why does self-esteem rise in late adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Accepted Answer

During late adolescence and emerging adulthood, peers' evaluations become less important as individuals start to develop a stronger sense of identity and become more confident in their own abilities and values. This shift in focus from external validation to internal validation leads to an increase in self-esteem. The other options, feeling more mature or initiating romantic relationships, may contribute to self-esteem but are not the primary factors. Parents may still be critical during this time, but the focus on peers' evaluations decreases.

Question 16

____ is the proposal that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.

Accepted Answer

The gender-intensification hypothesis proposes that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. This pressure to conform can result in increased gendered behaviors and attitudes as well as the suppression of behaviors and attitudes that do not conform to traditional gender roles.

Question 17

The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self is the greatest during ____.

Accepted Answer

Mid-adolescence (ages 14-16) is typically the period when the discrepancy between one's actual self and ideal self is the greatest. This is because during this stage, individuals are grappling with new social and cognitive demands, as well as trying to establish their own identity separate from their family and peers. As a result, they may experience a higher level of self-doubt, anxiety, and confusion about who they are and who they want to become, leading to a larger gap between their perceived selves and their desired selves.

Question 18

One striking difference in gender expectations in traditional cultures is that for boys, manhood is something that ____.

Accepted Answer

In traditional cultures, manhood is typically seen as something that has to be achieved through a set of rituals or tests. Boys may need to prove their strength, courage, or other qualities in order to be accepted as men in their community. This is often accomplished through a formal rite of passage, such as a coming-of-age ceremony or an initiation into a men's society.

Question 19

Hill and Lynch proposed that psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of intensified socialised pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. What is the name of this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis proposed by Hill and Lynch is called the Gender-Intensification Hypothesis, which suggests that the psychological and behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced during adolescence due to intensified socialised pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.

Question 20

What have researchers discovered with regard to the size of the discrepancy between the actual and ideal selves in both adolescents and emerging adults? The discrepancy is related to ____.

Accepted Answer

Researchers have found that the size of the discrepancy between adolescents' and emerging adults' actual and ideal selves is related to depressive moods. A larger discrepancy is associated with greater feelings of unhappiness and dissatisfaction with one's current state, leading to increased risk for depression.

Quiz 8: Adolescence