Question 1

'Throwed', 'runned' and 'sleeped' are examples of ____.

Accepted Answer

'Throwed', 'runned' and 'sleeped' are examples of overregularisation, which is a common linguistic phenomenon where a regular rule is applied to an irregular verb. In this case, the regular rule of adding '-ed' to form the past tense is being applied to irregular verbs, resulting in incorrect forms like 'throwed' instead of 'threw', 'runned' instead of 'ran', and 'sleeped' instead of 'slept'.

Question 2

How have researchers tested categorisation among infants, proving that Piaget underestimated children's early abilities?

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

A toddler being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of which of the following emotional regulation techniques?

Accepted Answer

The toddler using a blanket or stuffed animal is engaging in behavioral regulation of emotions by using an external object to provide comfort and manage their emotional state.

Question 4

When variables are closely related and difficult to separate, they are known as ____.

Accepted Answer

When variables are closely related and difficult to separate, they are known as confounded variables. Confounding occurs when the effects of two or more variables cannot be distinguished from each other, making it difficult to determine which variable is responsible for the observed outcome. Confounding can lead to biased and inaccurate conclusions in research studies.

Question 5

Define object permanence and give an example of how a child's behaviour might be affected if s/he has acquired this ability.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

A family from Japan moved into your neighbourhood a couple of months ago. The parents are working on a project and are only here for a short time before they move back to Japan. You were talking to another neighbour who was very upset with the Japanese family and was considering filing abuse charges. The mother would very rarely let the male toddler speak and rarely encouraged him to speak. What did you tell your neighbour?

Accepted Answer

This is a culturally based difference in parenting and is not abuse. It is important to recognize that different cultures have different norms and practices when it comes to parenting. In Japan, it is not uncommon for parents to be more reserved in their interactions with their children and prioritize discipline and respect. It is not necessarily abuse, but rather a different approach to raising children. It is important to approach cultural differences with respect and understanding rather than jumping to conclusions and making assumptions.

Question 7

How many different languages are there in the world?

Accepted Answer

According to Ethnologue, a comprehensive database of world languages, there are currently around 7,111 living languages in the world. However, this number is constantly changing due to factors such as language endangerment and language death. As of 2021, Ethnologue reports that there are 6,909 living languages.

Question 8

It is clear that humans are built for learning language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned is dependent upon ____.

Accepted Answer

The social and cultural environment plays a significant role in determining which language a person learns, as they are exposed to and taught the language(s) that are prevalent in their community and culture. Biological preparedness and genetic programming may create some predispositions towards language learning, but they do not determine which language is learned specifically. Chromosomal and anatomical differences do not play a role in language learning.

Question 9

How is Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development different from Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II was interested in determining what language babies would learn to speak spontaneously if no one influenced them. He instructed caregivers not to speak to neonates in orphanages so that it could be determined which language was the 'natural' language. What was found?

Accepted Answer

There is no historical evidence that this experiment ever took place. Therefore, no language was found, and none of the other options are valid.

Question 11

Outline how language develops from approximately 1 year of age to 2 years of age.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

The concept that humans are built for learning language is a(n) ____ base, whereas the specific language they learn is a(n) ____ base.

Accepted Answer

The concept that humans are built for learning language is based on biology, as it is believed that humans have innate language abilities. The specific language they learn, however, is based on sociocultural factors such as their environment, culture, and exposure to different languages.

Question 13

The Gusii people of Kenya do not speak with their children directly, but it is clear that their children reach the same language milestones as Australian children. It has been demonstrated that Gusii children learn language from ____.

Accepted Answer

The Gusii people of Kenya do not speak with their children directly, but it is clear that their children reach the same language milestones as Australian children. This suggests that Gusii children learn language from being in social groups where others are using language, rather than having their language directly stimulated by their parents or their DNA and genetic lineage.

Question 14

Describe the language environment of a country other than Australia.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Which hemisphere (side) and lobes of the brain contain Broca's area and Wernicke's area? What is the function of each?

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

Although their pronunciation of words is not as precise as it will become later, at what age can most toddlers speak clearly enough to make themselves understood about nearly anything they wish?

Accepted Answer

Most toddlers can speak clearly enough to make themselves understood about nearly anything they wish by age 3. While they may still struggle with certain sounds, their language skills and ability to communicate will continue to develop as they grow older.

Question 17

Define and give an example of scaffolding.

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

Cameron is a toddler and describes his time on the playground to his mother: 'I runned fast and throwed the ball'. Cameron's uses of runned and throwed are examples of ____.

Accepted Answer

Cameron's use of "runned" and "throwed" shows overregularization, which is a common language development stage in which toddlers apply a regular pattern to irregular verbs, leading to the formation of non-standard verb forms.

Question 19

What is the term that indicates that toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule, such as 'mouses' for mice and 'foots' for feet?

Accepted Answer

Overregularisation is the term used to describe when toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule. This results in words like 'mouses' for mice and 'foots' for feet. Underregularisation, on the other hand, is when toddlers apply a rule inconsistently, resulting in errors such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went'. Hypergeneralisation and hypogeneralisation are not related to this phenomenon.

Question 20

As compared to other families, high-income parents talk to their children ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that high-income parents talk to their children more, using more complex vocabulary and asking more questions, which leads to a greater development of language and cognitive skills.

Quiz 5: Toddlerhood