Question 1

What type of cry has a sudden onset with no initial fussing? The baby takes a large intake of breath and holds it, then lets loose.

Accepted Answer

This type of cry is known as a pain cry, as it has a sudden onset with no prior fussing and is characterized by a large intake of breath followed by a loud and high-pitched cry.

Question 2

Which of the following are three types of crying that an infant may demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are three types...

Question 3

In cultures where babies are held or carried around much of the day, _____.

Accepted Answer

In cultures where babies are held or carried around much of the day, prolonged episodes of crying are rare. This is because the constant physical contact with a caregiver provides a sense of security and comfort to the baby, reducing the need for crying as a means of communication.

Question 4

Postnatal depression is found in about ____% of new mothers across 11 countries.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Postnatal depression is found in about ____%...

Question 5

What type of cry is a 'warm-up' cry that occurs when babies are mildly distressed?

Accepted Answer

A 'warm-up' cry is also commonly referred to as fussing. It is a cry that occurs when a baby is mildly distressed, but not necessarily in pain or angry.

Question 6

You are having a heated debate regarding breastfeeding in developing countries with your father. He claims that because of the shortage of food in some developing countries, we should provide formula to the mothers of newborns. You argue that breast milk is a better way to go and that a great number of children die because they are formula fed. What do you tell your father regarding why formula feeding is not really such a great idea?

Accepted Answer

Formula is often mixed with contaminated water in developing countries, which can lead to diarrheal disease and other illnesses, causing approximately 1.5 million infant deaths per year. Breast milk has protective factors that help prevent infections and diseases in infants, and is a safer and more cost-effective option for mothers in developing countries who may not have access to clean water or the ability to purchase formula regularly. Therefore, providing support and resources for breastfeeding would be a better solution.

Question 7

Even though a high percentage of mothers in developing countries could safely breastfeed, why is there such a low rate of breastfeeding in these areas?

Accepted Answer

The formula industry has aggressively marketed their products in developing countries, often using unethical tactics to convince mothers that their products are superior to breastmilk. This has led to a cultural shift away from breastfeeding and a low rate of breastfeeding in these areas.

Question 8

In the experiment by Hunziker and Barr (1986), mothers in Group A were instructed to carry their infants for at least 3 hours a day, while the mothers in Group B were not given any special instructions. What were the results?

Accepted Answer

The results of the experiment showed that both groups of infants cried the same number of times, but Group A infants (who were carried for at least 3 hours a day) cried half as long as Group B infants (who were not given any special instructions). This suggests that carrying infants for at least 3 hours a day may have a soothing effect on them and reduce the duration of crying. Option A is incorrect as there was a difference between the groups. Option C is not supported by the experiment as it does not mention anything about the infants learning to soothe themselves. Option D is also incorrect as the experiment did not measure the number of times the infants cried during the day.

Question 9

Baby Jane was just bottle-fed by a babysitter. Having very little experience, her babysitter forgot to burp her. As a result of a buildup of gas, baby Jane is in extreme pain and begins to cry. Which of the following best captures Jane's cry?

Accepted Answer

A large intake of breath, briefly held, then let loose, best captures the cry of a baby experiencing pain or discomfort due to gas buildup. This type of cry is often characterized by a high-pitched, continuous wail or scream that may be accompanied by arms and legs flailing.

Question 10

According to the text, what type of neonate cry expels a large volume of air through the vocal cords?

Accepted Answer

Anger cries in neonates are characterized by expelling a large volume of air through the vocal cords, resulting in a loud and forceful sound.

Question 11

According to the author of the text, what type of cry does not have a distinctive cry and can occur when the baby is hungry, lonely, has wet or soiled diapers, is tired or uncomfortable?

Accepted Answer

The basic cry is described as not having a distinctive sound and can occur for various reasons such as hunger, loneliness, discomfort, or tiredness.

Question 12

Hospital policies in the ____________separated the mother and child immediately after birth.

Accepted Answer

During the 1950s and 1960s, it was common hospital practice in the United States to immediately separate mothers and infants after birth, with the baby being taken to the nursery and cared for by hospital staff. This practice was often based on concerns about infection and hygiene, as well as a desire to establish feeding schedules and ensure proper medical monitoring for both mother and baby. It wasn't until the late 1960s and early 1970s that efforts began to promote the benefits of early mother-child bonding and keeping mothers and infants together as much as possible after birth.

Question 13

Why is it important for parents to remember that a lot of the crying that infants do in their early life occurs for no particular reason?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is it important for parents to...

Question 14

Most parents can generally distinguish between the different types of cries of their infants at ____ month(s).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most parents can generally distinguish between the...

Question 15

Early in their lives, one out of ten Western infants has frequent episodes of crying that last for 3 hours a day ____.

Accepted Answer

This condition is known as colic and the cause is not fully understood. It is often referred to as "colic for no apparent cause."

Question 16

Which of the following is a reason why a mother should not breastfeed?

Accepted Answer

If a mother has an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis or West Nile virus, they can transmit the disease to their baby through breastfeeding. It is recommended that they do not breastfeed in order to avoid transmission of the infection to the baby.

Question 17

When a baby is fussing, their cry is closer to a ____.

Accepted Answer

When a baby is fussing, their cry is closer to a warming up and mild distress. While they may escalate the level of distress if their issues are not resolved, initially their cry is not yet at a level of complete panic or a panic attack.

Question 18

Your next-door neighbours are going crazy. They brought their newborn home from the hospital only to find that he cries for long periods of time, and they do not know what to do about it. What would you tell them?

Accepted Answer

Infants crying frequently due to colic is a common issue faced by many parents. It is important to comfort the baby as best as possible and seek advice from a healthcare provider if the crying persists or seems excessive. It is also helpful to reassure the parents that they are not alone in this experience and that it does not necessarily indicate a problem with their parenting skills.

Question 19

What is one of the most damaging aspects of formula feeding in developing countries?

Accepted Answer

Formula is often mixed with contaminated water in developing countries, leading to illnesses and even death in infants. This is a result of poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water. Mothers may also lack the knowledge and resources to properly sterilize the bottles and nipples used for bottle-feeding, further increasing the risk of infection for their infants. While the premature death of mothers can also be a damaging aspect of formula feeding in developing countries, it is not a direct result of formula feeding itself.

Question 20

What mothers in developing countries would be advised not to breastfeed?

Accepted Answer

Mothers with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS are advised not to breastfeed as they can transmit the infection to their babies through breast milk. In such cases, alternatives such as formula feeding or donated breast milk may be recommended. Very poor mothers may not have access to these alternatives, but it is still better to take precautions to prevent transmission of the infectious disease. Breast size or ability to afford formula feeding are not relevant factors in this decision.

Quiz 3: Birth and the Newborn Child