Question 1

What did Klein and colleagues (2012) find in their longitudinal study of boys diagnosed with ADHD and a comparison group without ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Klein and colleagues (2012) found that males in the ADHD group were employed at jobs with lower status than those in the comparison group. There were no significant differences in employment level between the two groups, but there was a difference in employment status.

Question 2

Which of the following has produced some success in the development of communication skills for children with autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral procedures involving shaping and discrimination training have been shown to be effective in developing communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder by reinforcing desired behaviors and teaching specific communication skills.

Question 3

Taylor has learned through amniocentesis that her unborn child has a disorder.Which of the following could that disorder be?

Accepted Answer

Amniocentesis is a prenatal test that can diagnose certain chromosomal disorders, such as Down Syndrome, by analyzing a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus. ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and Tourette's syndrome are not typically diagnosed through amniocentesis.

Question 4

Individuals who have cognitive impairments that result from a combination of psychosocial and biological influences are sometimes referred to as having which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A cultural-familial intellectual disability is a type of intellectual disability that is caused by a combination of psychosocial and biological factors, including poverty, poor nutrition, lack of stimulation and education, and genetic predisposition. This term is less commonly used today, but was widely used in the past to describe individuals with cognitive impairments that could not be attributed solely to genetic or medical causes. Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are all genetic conditions that can cause intellectual disability.

Question 5

Ritalin, Metadate, and Concerta are medications generally used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.How are these medications classified?

Accepted Answer

Ritalin, Metadate, and Concerta are classified as stimulants.

Question 6

Which of the following is most problematic for a child with autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

Impairment in social interactions is one of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and can significantly impact a child's ability to communicate and form relationships with others. While hyperactivity, significant intellectual impairment, and tics and movement disorders may also be present in children with autism spectrum disorder, they are not considered as central to the diagnosis as social communication deficits.

Question 7

Beth and Tim have recently discovered that their three-year-old daughter has autism spectrum disorder.Beth and Tim are both nutrition fanatics and are convinced that they can cure their daughter with vitamins and diet.What would you tell Beth and Tim?

Accepted Answer

There is no scientific evidence that vitamins and diet can cure autism. While a healthy diet is important, it is not a substitute for evidence-based treatments.

Question 8

Approximately what percentage of Canadian children have a learning disorder?

Accepted Answer

According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, approximately 12% of Canadian children have a learning disorder such as dyslexia or ADHD.

Question 9

What is the relationship between sleep and ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children with ADHD tend to sleep less than children without ADHD. They often have difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and wake up earlier in the morning. Additionally, children with ADHD may experience more nighttime awakenings and have more fragmented sleep patterns.

Question 10

Luca is a nine-year-old boy diagnosed with a language processing learning disorder.What has research shown that might help Luca distinguish among sounds?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that specially designed computer programs can help individuals with language processing disorders distinguish among sounds.

Question 11

When a child with a learning disability does not receive special education, what is the average length of employment at a given job for them as an adult?

Accepted Answer

According to a study by the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, adults with learning disabilities who did not receive special education services had an average length of employment of three months at a given job.

Question 12

One view of the social deficits of people with autism spectrum disorder is that they lack a theory of mind.Other researchers have argued that problems on theory-of-mind tasks may have another cause.What might that cause be?

Accepted Answer

Some researchers have argued that the social deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder may be due to more general difficulties with executive functioning, rather than a specific deficit in theory of mind. Executive functioning includes abilities such as problem-solving, planning, and working memory, which are all important for social interactions and communication.

Question 13

Which term refers to the lack of appropriate facial expressions or tone of voice seen in individuals with a less severe form of autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to the lack of appropriate facial expressions or tone of voice seen in individuals with a less severe form of autism spectrum disorder is called "prosody." Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. People with autism spectrum disorder may have difficulty with prosody, resulting in a monotone or inappropriate tone of voice.

Question 14

What is the current consensus on the role of artificial food colours and additives on the behaviour of young kids?

Accepted Answer

The current consensus is that artificial food colours and additives may have a small impact on the behaviour of young kids, but they are not solely responsible for the symptoms of ADHD. Eliminating these substances may improve symptoms in some children, but it is not a universal solution. However, there is also not enough evidence to suggest that these substances have no impact on behaviour.

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of people with an intellectual disability are classified as mildly intellectually disabled?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately what percentage of people with an...

Question 16

Alex has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined presentation.He showed six different indicators of hyperactivity/impulsivity.What must he also have demonstrated for this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

To be diagnosed with ADHD combined presentation, Alex must exhibit at least six symptoms of inattention as well as six symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. Therefore, he must have demonstrated six behaviours from the inattention cluster in addition to the six indicators of hyperactivity/impulsivity he has already displayed.

Question 17

What are the DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability includes an IQ approximately 70 or below, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset prior to age 18. Option A is incorrect as it only mentions deficits in communication which is just one aspect of adaptive functioning. Option B is incorrect as it sets an IQ cutoff of approximately 65 while the official cutoff is 70. Option C is incorrect as it only mentions an IQ cutoff without including deficits in adaptive functioning.

Question 18

According to recent estimates, approximately how common is autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

Recent estimates suggest that autism spectrum disorder affects about one case in every 70 births, indicating an increase in diagnosis rates over time.

Question 19

According to Statistics Canada (1996), of the population of children who were recorded has having some form of disability, approximately what percentage had a "learning disability"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Statistics Canada (1996), of the...

Question 20

Three options of treatment have been presented to a nine-year-old boy recently diagnosed with ADHD: medication treatment (e.g., Ritalin) alone, intensive behavioural therapy alone, or a combination of the two.What would the research based on the Multimodal Treatment of ADHD study recommend?

Accepted Answer

The Multimodal Treatment of ADHD study found that medication alone and the combination of medication and behavioural therapy are both more effective than behavioural therapy alone.

Quiz 15: Neurocognitive Disorders