Question 1

In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs experience an increase in

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs requires discipline and self-control. Therefore, individuals who practice these behaviors are likely to experience an increase in self-control. Self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs can lead to an increase in self-control, as individuals learn to manage their impulses and actions in pursuit of their goals.

Question 2

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the superego is responsible for enforcing societal norms and values, including moral and ethical standards. Therefore, Janine's feelings of repulsion towards pornography would likely be attributed to her superego's disapproval of such content. Freud believed that the superego is the part of our psyche that represents our moral and ethical standards, and leads to feelings of guilt or shame when we violate them. In this case, Janine's repulsion at the thought of watching pornography may be due to her superego causing her to feel that watching it violates her moral or ethical standards.

Question 3

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If we are nervous about our personal...

Question 4

Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized...

Question 5

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the phallic stage occurs from ages 3-6 and is characterized by the Oedipus complex and the development of the genital organs. Bragging about sexual exploits can be seen as a manifestation of unresolved conflicts or fixation at this stage. According to Freud's psychosexual stages, the phallic stage occurs from ages 3-6 years old and is characterized by increased curiosity and exploration of the genitals. This stage is also associated with the Oedipus and Electra complexes, where children develop attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy towards the same-sex parent. Gene's excessive bragging about sexual exploits suggests that he may be fixated at this stage, unable to successfully resolve the conflicts and desires associated with it.

Question 6

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized for its lack of testable hypotheses that can be used to determine its validity. While it has made significant contributions to the field of psychology, it has also been criticized for its lack of empirical evidence and reliance on anecdotal observations. Many of his concepts, such as the Oedipus complex, cannot be directly observed or tested, leading to questions about their validity. Freud's theory of personality offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity, which has led to criticism and skepticism among many psychologists. It relies heavily on subjective interpretations of ambiguous data, such as dreams and free associations, which makes it difficult to evaluate its accuracy objectively. Additionally, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support many of Freud's concepts, such as the Oedipus complex and the concept of the unconscious, which further undermines the credibility of his theory.

Question 7

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to

Accepted Answer

Individuals with high self-esteem believe in their abilities and are more likely to work persistently at difficult tasks, whereas those with low self-esteem might give up easily or avoid challenging tasks altogether. Option B is incorrect because people with high self-esteem are more likely to have an internal locus of control (the belief that they can control their own outcomes), rather than an external locus of control (the belief that outside factors have more control over their outcomes). Option C is also incorrect because people with high self-esteem are more likely to accept positive feedback and believe in accurate descriptions of themselves. Option D is incorrect because people with high self-esteem are more likely to trust in their own beliefs and judgments. Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to have a positive outlook on their abilities and value, which leads them to work persistently at difficult tasks. On the other hand, individuals with low self-esteem may doubt their abilities and give up easily. B is incorrect because high self-esteem is associated with an internal locus of control. C is incorrect because individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to accept flattering descriptions of themselves as true. D is incorrect because individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to have confidence in their beliefs and opinions.

Question 8

Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the latent content of dreams, the underlying hidden meaning, was disguised by the manifest content, which consisted of remembered events and images. This disguising process was a form of censorship, allowing the unconscious desires, fears, and impulses expressed in dreams to be repressed and denied by the conscious mind. Freud proposed that all dreams have a manifest content (the literal content of the dream) and a latent content (the symbolic meaning behind the manifest content). According to Freud, the latent content is the true expression of the dreamer's unconscious desires, fears, and wishes, but it is censored or disguised by the conscious mind. Therefore, the remembered events and images in our dreams are only a partial or distorted expression of the dream's latent content.

Question 9

Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler's theory emphasized the importance of overcoming feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority. Hasina's experiences of abuse and homelessness likely contribute to feelings of inferiority which may lead her to engage in self-destructive behaviors. Thus, Adler may suggest that Hasina suffers from an inferiority complex. Alfred Adler believed that feelings of inferiority or inadequacy were at the root of psychological problems. Hasina's difficult childhood likely contributed to her belief that she is inferior or inadequate, leading to an inferiority complex. This may manifest in her destructive behaviors, such as substance abuse and homelessness.

Question 10

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed, people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of

Accepted Answer

The fact that people in every one of the 53 countries surveyed expressed self-esteem above the midpoint suggests that there is a self-serving bias at play, wherein people tend to overestimate their abilities and qualities, and view themselves more positively than is necessarily accurate. This bias is likely due to the fact that people have a strong motivation to maintain a positive self-image. This best illustrates self-serving bias, which is the tendency for people to take credit for their successes but to blame external factors for their failures. The fact that people in all 53 countries surveyed expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the self-esteem scale suggests that individuals have a tendency to perceive themselves in a positive light. This is consistent with the self-serving bias, as people may attribute positive traits and experiences to themselves while downplaying negative ones.

Question 11

Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for strengthening

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, identification is the process by which a person incorporates the values and attitudes of others, typically parents or other authority figures. Through this process, the child internalizes the moral standards of their society and develops their superego. Therefore, identification is most directly responsible for strengthening the superego. Freud believed that the process of identification, which involves taking on characteristics and values of another person or group, was crucial for the development of the superego. The superego is the part of the psyche that represents internalized societal values and morality, and is responsible for regulating behavior according to these standards. Therefore, the correct answer is C) the superego.

Question 12

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theorists focus on the inherently positive aspects of human nature and tend to overlook or minimize the potential for negative and destructive behaviors. Critics argue that this approach ignores the reality of human aggression, violence, and evil, and thus underestimates the complexity and variability of human behavior. Humanistic theorists place much emphasis on individuals' inherent goodness and capacity for positive growth and change. However, they often overlook or underestimate the darker side of human behavior, which can include destructive, unethical, or evil actions. Critics argue that this view is too idealistic and fails to account for the many instances in which individuals or groups have acted in harmful or malicious ways.

Question 13

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that self-actualization, or fulfilling one's potential, is just one level of need that people strive to achieve. Beyond self-actualization is self-transcendence, which involves finding meaning and purpose in something greater than oneself, such as contributing to society or spirituality. Jin's search for a sense of purpose beyond fulfilling her own potential is consistent with this concept. Identification, free association, and reciprocal determinism do not align with Jin's situation. Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs suggests that after fulfilling the basic physiological and safety needs, individuals strive towards fulfilling their need for love/belonging, esteem, and ultimately self-actualization. However, some individuals may strive for self-transcendence, which involves transcending one's own needs and serving a greater purpose beyond oneself. Jin is displaying such behavior by seeking a sense of purpose in life beyond her own growth and self-actualization.

Question 14

Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?

Accepted Answer

Option D is an example of a self-serving bias, as it shifts the blame away from Jacinda and onto external factors (the test questions). The other options acknowledge Jacinda's role in her poor performance.

Question 15

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The Barnum effect refers to people's tendency to accept vague and general personality descriptions as accurate when they are given in the context of a personality test or reading, even though the descriptions could apply to a wide variety of people. In this scenario, the palm reader's statement is vague enough to apply to many people. However, Frida's belief that the palm reader's insight was accurate suggests that she fell prey to the Barnum effect. The Barnum effect refers to the tendency for people to accept vague and general personality descriptions as accurate and applicable to themselves, even when they could apply to anyone. In this case, the palm reader's statement about Frida having "certain dark secrets" is vague but intriguing enough to make Frida believe that the palm reader has accurately read her personality, when in fact it could apply to many people.

Question 16

In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories.

Accepted Answer

The use of simulated undercover conditions to assess candidates for spy missions during World War II reflects an assessment strategy favored by social-cognitive theories. This strategy involves assessing a person's behaviors and responses in simulated real-world situations to gain insight into their cognitive processes and decision-making abilities. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring individual personality traits, while psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious motivations and conflicts. Humanistic theory focuses on individual self-actualization and personal growth, and is less concerned with assessment strategies. The use of simulations to assess candidates for spy missions is consistent with social-cognitive theories, which emphasize the importance of situational factors in behavior. Trait theories would focus more on identifying specific traits that are predictive of success in spy missions, while psychoanalytic and humanistic theories may not have as much relevance in this context.

Question 17

Heritability generally runs about ________ percent or a tad bit more for each of the Big Five trait dimensions.

Accepted Answer

The heritability of each of the Big Five trait dimensions ranges from about 40% to nearly 60%, which is a little bit higher than the midpoint of 50%. Therefore, the best choice is B. Research has shown that the heritability of each of the Big Five personality traits is around 50% or slightly higher. This means that about half of the variation in each trait can be attributed to genetic factors, while the other half is influenced by environmental factors. It is also important to note that heritability estimates can vary depending on the specific population and context being studied.

Question 18

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, fixation occurs when a child becomes too focused on a particular psychosexual stage of development. This fixation can result in regression, or a return to behaviors associated with that stage, during times of stress or conflict. Therefore, an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to regression. Freud believed that fixation occurs when a person becomes stuck at a certain stage of psychosexual development, leading to an emphasis on satisfying needs related to that stage. If this fixation becomes excessive, it can lead to regression, meaning that the person may revert to behavior and coping mechanisms associated with an earlier stage of development.

Question 19

Freud's concept of projection is most similar to what today's researchers call the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Freud's concept of projection is most similar...

Question 20

Gender identity refers to

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to an individual's subjective sense of being male or female, regardless of their biological sex or the social expectations placed on them. It is a deeply held personal identity and can vary from person to person. Gender identity refers to a person's subjective sense of their gender, whether they identify as male, female, or some other gender. It is not necessarily determined by one's biological sex or conforming to societal gender norms.

Quiz 13: Emotion