Question 1

Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women

Accepted Answer

The answer of Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's...

Question 2

One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)

Accepted Answer

The dream reflects the Oedipus complex, which is a psychoanalytic theory that suggests boys experience unconscious sexual desires towards their mothers and view their fathers as competition. Wei may have felt threatened by his parents arguing and his dream allowed him to save his mother and assert his dominance over his father. The dream may reflect Wei's subconscious desire to protect his mother from his father, who he may view as a potential threat or rival (due to the Oedipus complex). The argument between his parents may have triggered these feelings, leading to the dream. This interpretation aligns with psychoanalytic theory.

Question 3

Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to get a job after graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of

Accepted Answer

Larry's motivation is influenced by his image of his future self, known as his "possible self." This concept suggests that individuals are motivated to achieve their ideal selves or avoid negative versions of themselves. Larry's motivation is impacted by his concern about his future potential selves, or the possible versions of himself that he could become. This is why he studies diligently to avoid the potential image of himself being unable to get a job after graduation.

Question 4

Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive

Accepted Answer

Mary and Eileen's preferences in socializing and being alone suggest different personality traits. Personality refers to the enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make each individual unique. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen suggest that each has a unique personality. Personality refers to a set of enduring traits and patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that make each individual unique.

Question 5

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely completing

Accepted Answer

Mr. Dutoit was likely completing a projective test, as he was asked to interpret ambiguous stimuli (pictures) in order to reveal unconscious thoughts and emotions. This is a common method in projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test or the Thematic Apperception Test. The other options (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, MMPI, Free Association Index) do not typically involve the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli in this way. Mr. Dutoit's task of making up a story about ambiguous pictures is characteristic of projective tests, which ask participants to respond to vague or ambiguous stimuli in order to reveal unconscious aspects of their personality or beliefs. The other options listed are not projective tests. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire is a self-report questionnaire that asks participants to rate their own personality traits. The MMPI is a clinical personality inventory that assesses psychopathology and abnormal personality traits. The Free Association Index is not a commonly used psychological assessment.

Question 6

Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, "You could better spend the time playing with our kids." Melissa's comment best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Melissa's refusal to allow her husband to cook dinner seems to be an attempt to protect her ego from the fear that he is a better cook than she is. By rationalizing that he could "better spend the time playing with our kids," she is offering a socially acceptable reason for her decision. This is an example of rationalization, which is a defense mechanism that involves creating a false or justifiable explanation for a behavior or thought that is actually motivated by unconscious factors.

Question 7

Our ignorance of what we don't know helps to sustain

Accepted Answer

Our ignorance of what we don't know can lead us to believe that we are more competent and knowledgeable than we actually are, leading to overconfidence and a positive attributional style. Ignorance of what we don't know can lead to overconfidence in our abilities, as we may not realize the extent of our limitations or the potential pitfalls in a given situation. This can contribute to a bias towards an internal locus of control, where we believe that our actions alone determine outcomes, rather than also considering external factors beyond our control. It does not necessarily lead to a pessimistic attributional style or learned helplessness.

Question 8

Narcissism is associated with

Accepted Answer

Narcissism is associated with a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy, and a tendency to take risks, which can result in unethical or immoral behavior such as cheating and gambling. Therefore, the best choice is D, more gambling and more cheating. Research has shown that narcissism is associated with both more gambling and more cheating behaviors. Narcissistic individuals often seek out high-risk, high-reward activities and may feel entitled to take advantage of others for personal gain.

Question 9

Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it

Accepted Answer

Seligman's positive psychology emphasizes the use of scientific methods, while the humanistic perspective places more emphasis on subjective experience and personal growth. Seligman's positive psychology emphasizes the use of scientific methods, whereas the humanistic perspective emphasizes subjective experience and personal growth. Seligman's approach values empirical research and objective measurements, which is a departure from the humanistic perspective's qualitative approach.

Question 10

Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Smith's belief that Black people prefer to live in segregated neighborhoods is not based on any evidence or factual information, but rather reflects her own unconscious bias and desire to justify racial segregation. According to psychoanalytic theory, projection occurs when individuals unconsciously ascribe their own unacceptable thoughts or qualities onto others in order to distance themselves from them. Mrs. Smith's projection of her own racial biases onto Black people best illustrates this concept. Mrs. Smith is projecting her own unconscious biases onto the Black community, assuming they prefer segregation when it is actually her own preference. Projection is a defense mechanism in which individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto someone else.

Question 11

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates

Accepted Answer

Kelly's behavior indicates defensive self-esteem, as she is defensive and upset when her self-image is threatened or criticized. Kelly's behavior is indicative of defensive self-esteem, which involves an excessively strong need to protect oneself from negative feedback and criticism. This often leads to a persistent focus on self-promotion and avoiding any situation that may lead to criticism or failure.

Question 12

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a state in which a person or an animal gives up on trying to escape a negative situation because they have been conditioned to believe that they have no control over the outcome. This can lead to feelings of pessimism and a belief that nothing they do can change their circumstances. Learned helplessness is a state where an individual may feel helpless and unable to control their environment. This can lead to a sense of pessimism, as they may believe that their situation is unchangeable and that they are powerless to change it. Therefore, option D, pessimism, is the most likely outcome of learned helplessness.

Question 13

Matt reported a dream in which he repeatedly fell off a horse. His therapist suggested that his dream reflected Matt's mixed feelings of affection and resentment toward his own father. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's

Accepted Answer

The therapist was attempting to reveal the latent content of Matt's dream, which refers to the hidden, unconscious meaning behind the manifest content (or literal events) of the dream. Freud believed that dreams were a representation of the unconscious mind and that understanding the latent content could provide insight into a person's thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's latent content, which refers to the symbolic meaning of the dream that is often hidden or disguised behind its manifest content (the actual events and images of the dream). Freud believed that dreams were expressions of unconscious wishes and desires, and interpreting their latent content could provide insight into a person's psyche. In this case, the therapist interpreted the repeated falling off the horse as a symbol of Matt's conflicting emotions towards his father.

Question 14

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of

Accepted Answer

Neo-Freudian personality theorists like Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney believed that Freud overemphasized the role of sexual instincts in shaping personality and behavior. They focused more on the influence of social and cultural factors, the role of the ego in mediating behavior, and the search for personal meaning and identity. Neo-Freudian personality theorists, such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, moved away from Freud's emphasis on childhood sexual instincts and instead focused on broader motives and interpersonal relationships. They still recognized the importance of the unconscious and defense mechanisms, but believed that social and cultural factors played a larger role in personality development than Freud had acknowledged.

Question 15

Maslow placed ________ at the base of his hierarchy of needs.

Accepted Answer

Maslow placed bodily needs, such as food, water, shelter, and warmth, at the base of his hierarchy of needs. These physiological needs are the most basic and fundamental human needs that must be met before individuals can address any other needs. Maslow placed bodily or physiological needs at the base of his hierarchy of needs, which include the need for food, water, shelter, and other basic biological needs.

Question 16

Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a psychological state where an individual learns that events are uncontrollable, leading to a sense of powerlessness and a belief that their actions will not result in desired outcomes. This is most likely to be associated with an external locus of control, where individuals believe that their fate is determined by external forces beyond their control. Learned helplessness is a phenomenon where an individual feels powerless to change their situation, even if they have the ability to do so. This is often associated with an external locus of control, where individuals feel that their outcomes are determined by external factors beyond their control.

Question 17

Narcissism refers to excessive

Accepted Answer

Narcissism is defined as excessive self-love or self-centeredness. Narcissism refers to excessive self-love or self-admiration. It can manifest as an inflated sense of one's own importance or abilities and a lack of empathy for others.

Question 18

No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a

Accepted Answer

Lerae's behavior shows signs of an overactive superego, which represents our internalized sense of morality and the strict rules we impose on ourselves. This can lead to a constant feeling of guilt or anxiety about not meeting our own high standards, no matter how much effort is put into achieving them. Lerae's persistent feeling of inadequacy and need for perfectionism despite her efforts suggest the presence of a strong superego. The superego is the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and values, and can lead to feelings of guilt and shame when these standards are not met.

Question 19

Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he

Accepted Answer

Maslow's theory was based on his own personal values and beliefs, and he selectively studied individuals who he believed embodied those values and qualities. He only included individuals who were well-educated, creative, and self-actualized, and did not consider people from different cultural or socioeconomic backgrounds. This suggests that his theory was biased and may not apply to all individuals. Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was based on his own personal values and beliefs. He selectively studied individuals who exhibited qualities that he admired, such as creativity, spontaneity, and independence, and used these individuals as the basis for his theory. Therefore, choice A is the best answer, as it accurately reflects the fact that Maslow's theory was influenced by his own personal values.

Question 20

Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of

Accepted Answer

Laura's lack of recognition of the connection between her behavior and the likelihood of contracting an STI suggests an external locus of control, or the belief that outside forces have more control over one's life than personal actions do. This lack of personal responsibility and recognition of the consequences of her actions can put her at risk for negative outcomes, such as contracting an STI. Laura's failure to recognize any connection between her behavior and the likelihood of contracting an STI suggests that she has an external locus of control. An external locus of control is a belief that outcomes are determined by outside forces rather than personal actions or decisions, which contributes to a lack of personal responsibility or awareness of the consequences of one's behavior.

Quiz 13: Emotion