Question 1

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observations in research is that:
A) in naturalistic observations the observer is recording their own behavior.
B) in naturalistic observations the observer is recording the target person's behavior.
C) in behavioral diaries the target person is recording the observer's behavior.
D) there is no difference between the methods.

Accepted Answer

In naturalistic observations, the observer is recording the target person's behavior in their natural environment without intervention, whereas behavioral diaries involve the target person themselves recording their own behavior over time.

Question 2

Sophie's thesis study is focused on participants' retrospective accounts about happy and sad events in their lives, as well as current events identified as happy and sad. One way in which Sophie plans to control for retrospective bias in the participants' current experiences is to have these participants:
A) obtain baseline data.
B) include pretest and posttest measures.
C) keep a behavior diary.
D) stay in the study, even if they verbalize they want to drop out..

Accepted Answer

Keeping a behavior diary helps participants record events and their feelings in real-time, reducing the impact of retrospective bias when recalling past events. This method allows for more accurate and immediate documentation of experiences, thereby controlling for the distortion that can occur when relying solely on memory.

Question 3

In a 2010 study examining mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television, researchers found that:
A) participants who gained more pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching reality TV compared with those who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism.
B) participants who gained less pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching more reality TV.
C) there was no difference in watching reality TV between those who enjoyed voyeurism and those who did not.
D) participants who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism were less likely to socially compare themselves with others.

Accepted Answer

Participants who gained more pleasure from voyeurism were more inclined to watch reality TV, as these shows often provide a sense of peeking into others' lives, aligning with voyeuristic tendencies.

Question 4

Professor Alvarado is reviewing with students for an upcoming exam. He is testing them on the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement designs. All of the following would be noted as advantages for behavioral diaries, EXCEPT:
A) demand characteristics.
B) real-time data collection.
C) concurrent data collection.
D) the reduction of retrospective bias.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral diaries are advantageous for real-time and concurrent data collection, which helps in reducing retrospective bias. However, demand characteristics are not an advantage; they are a potential limitation as participants might alter their behavior due to their perceptions of the study's aims.

Question 5

In a 2013 study examining the role of deservingness and emotions in relation to schadenfreude, or enjoyment gained from watching others struggle, researchers used vignettes describing college students from the same or different colleges who either deserved or did not deserve their academic success and who were then rejected from an honors program. The results indicated that:
A) participants indicated less pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
B) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
C) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from another institution.
D) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from the same institution as themselves.

Accepted Answer

Participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution, aligning with the concept of schadenfreude being stronger towards out-group members perceived as not deserving their success.

Question 6

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to which other type of research design?
A) participant observation
B) analogue study
C) active deception
D) naturalistic observation

Accepted Answer

Behavioral diaries, where participants record their own behaviors or experiences in real-world settings, are similar to naturalistic observation. In both methods, behaviors or events are observed in their natural contexts without manipulation by the researcher.

Question 7

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback are related to the experience of schadenfreude, researchers found that:
A) participants with low self-evaluation who received negative feedback experienced more schadenfreude while watching a reality television show than those who received positive feedback.
B) participants with low self-evaluation who received positive feedback experienced more schadenfreude while watching a reality television show than those who received negative feedback.
C) participants indicated more pleasure in general at watching the rejection of others on a reality television show.
D) participants with high self-evaluation who experienced positive feedback noted greater schadenfreude while watching a reality television show.

Accepted Answer

Participants with low self-evaluation who received negative feedback experienced more schadenfreude, likely because seeing others fail provided them with a sense of relative success or superiority.

Question 8

Which of the following individuals is using a behavioral diary approach to their mental health treatment?
A) Colin is using an app on his phone to record his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in real time on a daily basis.
B) Becky is completing a self-report measure of anxiety at her weekly therapy appointments.
C) Teri is documenting when he engages in an exposure exercise with snakes.
D) Cora is completing a daily measure of situational anxiety and discussing it at her weekly therapy appointments.

Accepted Answer

Colin is using an app on his phone to record his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in real time on a daily basis, which is consistent with the behavioral diary approach.

Question 9

According to researchers, voyeurism refers to:
A) comparing yourself with others.
B) an indifference to others.
C) a desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Accepted Answer

Voyeurism is defined as the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity, or more broadly, an interest in observing unsuspecting individuals in private moments. The key aspect is the desire to see what is considered private or forbidden.

Question 10

Dr. Kline emphasized to his research methods class that when conducting a pretest-posttest design it is very important to obtain baseline measurements:
A) before any intervention or experimental manipulation has been implemented.
B) after any intervention or experimental manipulation has been implemented.
C) only when there is a behavioral experimental manipulation.
D) on a daily basis during the course of an intervention protocol.

Accepted Answer

Baseline measurements are crucial for understanding the initial state of participants before any intervention or experimental manipulation is applied. This allows for a comparison of pre-intervention and post-intervention data to assess the effect of the intervention.

Question 11

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback impact the experience of schadenfreude, the participants' self-evaluation was manipulated by:
A) calling the participants mean names.
B) providing participants either negative or positive feedback.
C) showing them movies that made them sad or made them angry.
D) being told they were being expelled from the university.

Accepted Answer

The study manipulated participants' self-evaluation by providing them either negative or positive feedback, which directly influenced their self-perception and subsequent reactions to others' misfortunes or successes.

Question 12

Dr. Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing the type of data obtained from the use of behavioral diaries. Behavioral diaries' main use is for:
A) self-report data.
B) collateral data.
C) projective assessment.
D) cognitive assessment.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral diaries are primarily used for self-report data, where individuals record their own behaviors, thoughts, or feelings over a period of time. This method is valuable for capturing data that might not be easily observed by others or in a clinical setting.

Question 13

In a 2011 study investigating the impact of self-evaluation on gaining pleasure at the misfortunes of others, researchers had:
A) postal workers complete tasks of analytic and intellectual reasoning, receive feedback, and then review the complaint files of their co-workers and rate their level of enjoyment.
B) students read two interviews discussing how a student with great potential experienced a major academic difficulty and then had students write their thoughts on this topic.
C) participants complete an assessment of intellectual abilities and then watch other students being interviewed by college admissions staff; participants then reported on their level of enjoyment.
D) participants complete a task identified as either an assessment of analytic abilities or intellectual abilities, receive feedback, and then read two interviews discussing how a student with great potential experienced a major academic difficulty.

Accepted Answer

The correct option involves participants completing a task, receiving feedback, and then reading interviews about a student facing difficulties, which aligns with the study's focus on self-evaluation and the impact on schadenfreude (pleasure derived by someone from another person's misfortune).

Question 14

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."
A) Streudelfreude
B) Schadenfreude
C) Nachmittag
D) Gehirntumor

Accepted Answer

Schadenfreude is the correct term, which directly translates to "harm-joy" in English, referring to the pleasure derived from another person's misfortune.

Question 15

Rochelle wants to survey patients who were seen at the Emergency Room within the last five years to determine their level of satisfaction with services provided. However, Rochelle is hesitant to include patients from so long ago as their recollections may not be accurate. Rochelle is mainly concerned about:
A) sample bias.
B) retrospective bias.
C) hawthorn effect.
D) attrition.

Accepted Answer

Rochelle's concern about the accuracy of patients' recollections from events that occurred up to five years ago relates to retrospective bias. This bias occurs when participants' memories are not accurate or are distorted over time, affecting the reliability of their responses about past events.

Question 16

Papacharissi and Mendelson (2007) conducted an exploratory study examining the relationship between reality appeal and the motivation to watch reality television shows. These researchers found that:
A) viewers of reality TV were unaware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
B) viewers of reality TV were aware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
C) viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality TV shows.
D) people watch reality TV not for voyeuristic reasons, but just to fill time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Papacharissi and Mendelson (2007) conducted an exploratory...

Question 17

Sabrina has been experiencing frequent migraines. Both Sabrina and her doctor are unable to determine potential triggers for her migraines. Sabrina's doctor suggests that she collect a variety of data points including mood, physical activity, environment, and time, among others. Sabrina was also asked to record in real time whether or not she experiences a migraine each day and describe the related symptoms. Sabrina's doctor is requesting the use of a:
A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated measure design.
C) behavioral diary.
D) quasi-experimental design.

Accepted Answer

A behavioral diary is a method used to collect detailed information over a period of time about an individual's behavior, symptoms, activities, and environmental factors. In this case, Sabrina is asked to record various data points along with her migraine occurrences and symptoms, which fits the description of a behavioral diary.

Question 18

According to researchers social comparison refers to:
A) comparing yourself with others.
B) differentiating distinctions among others.
C) a desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Accepted Answer

Social comparison involves evaluating oneself in relation to others, often to assess one's abilities, status, or opinions.

Question 19

Dr. Silva was discussing with his students the importance of conducting literature reviews while collecting information relevant to a current study. Dr. Silva noted that most recently he was searching for the _____ of "situational anxiety" and "parenting" to find relevant studies pertaining to his current research.
A) appendix
B) discussion
C) results
D) key words

Accepted Answer

When conducting literature reviews, researchers use "key words" to search databases and find studies relevant to their research topic. "Situational anxiety" and "parenting" would be the key words Dr. Silva uses to find studies related to his research.

Question 20

Dr. Gibson has developed an electronic watch that syncs to your smartphone. One of the watch's capabilities is the ability for individuals to log information relative to their behavioral diaries. This allows individuals to record their behaviors:
A) from the past.
B) desired for the future.
C) concurrently as the behavior or event occurs.
D) as objectives rather than goals.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because the feature described allows individuals to log information about their behaviors or events as they occur, which is what "concurrently" means. Options A, B, and D refer to logging past behaviors, future intentions, or objectives/goals, which are not mentioned in the context of real-time or concurrent logging.

Quiz 10: Within-Subjects Design: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observations in research is that:

In a 2010 study examining mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television, researchers found that:

Professor Alvarado is reviewing with students for an upcoming exam. He is testing them on the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement designs. All of the following would be noted as advantages for behavioral diaries, EXCEPT:

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to which other type of research design?

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback are related to the experience of schadenfreude, researchers found that:

Which of the following individuals is using a behavioral diary approach to their mental health treatment?

According to researchers, voyeurism refers to:

Dr. Kline emphasized to his research methods class that when conducting a pretest-posttest design it is very important to obtain baseline measurements:

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback impact the experience of schadenfreude, the participants' self-evaluation was manipulated by:

Dr. Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing the type of data obtained from the use of behavioral diaries. Behavioral diaries' main use is for:

In a 2011 study investigating the impact of self-evaluation on gaining pleasure at the misfortunes of others, researchers had:

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."

Papacharissi and Mendelson (2007) conducted an exploratory study examining the relationship between reality appeal and the motivation to watch reality television shows. These researchers found that:

According to researchers social comparison refers to:

Dr. Gibson has developed an electronic watch that syncs to your smartphone. One of the watch's capabilities is the ability for individuals to log information relative to their behavioral diaries. This allows individuals to record their behaviors: