Question 1

_____ is a threat to internal validity stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.
A) Maturation
B) Attrition
C) Mortality
D) Instrumentation

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural or biological changes that occur in participants over time, which can affect the outcome of the study, making it a threat to internal validity.

Question 2

Juanita, a fitness instructor, wants to collect physical baseline measurements from her fitness class students. She plans to assess her students throughout the next six months and at the end of the fitness course. Juanita is conducting a:
A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Accepted Answer

Juanita is conducting a pretest-posttest design because she is collecting baseline measurements before the fitness course begins and then assessing her students again at the end of the course to measure changes.

Question 3

Professor Marks is most interested in whether his students' knowledge increased during the progression of his math course. Students took a quiz at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Professor Marks used a:
A) longitudinal design.
B) pretest-posttest design.
C) Latin square design.
D) repeated-measures design.

Accepted Answer

A pretest-posttest design involves measuring participants before and after an intervention or treatment to assess changes, which aligns with the quizzes taken at the beginning and end of the semester.

Question 4

Dr. Mims clarifies that a pretest-posttest design is a within-subject design rather than a between-subjects design because:
A) participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study.
B) participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Accepted Answer

Participants in a pretest-posttest design are measured twice, once before and once after the intervention, on the same dependent variable. This makes it a within-subject design, as the same participants are measured at both time points.

Question 5

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?
A) Fewer research participants are needed.
B) Attrition can't happen.
C) Testing effects don't happen.
D) Instrumentation isn't needed.

Accepted Answer

Within-subjects designs require fewer participants because the same group of participants is exposed to all conditions or treatments, eliminating the need for a separate control group. This contrasts with between-subjects designs, where different groups are needed for each condition, increasing the total number of participants required.

Question 6

The _____ is a deterioration in measurements due to participants becoming tired, less attentive, or careless during the course of the study.
A) sensitization effect
B) fatigue effect
C) carryover effect
D) practice effect

Accepted Answer

The fatigue effect refers to the decline in participant performance or responses due to tiredness, decreased attention, or carelessness over time in a study.

Question 7

Dr. Clarks emphasizes that longitudinal studies are considered within-subjects design because:
A) participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study.
B) participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies involve repeatedly measuring the same participants on the dependent variable over time to observe changes or developments, fitting the definition of a within-subjects design.

Question 8

_____ is a threat to internal validity in a within-subjects design resulting from the influence that the sequence of experiment conditions can have on the dependent variable.
A) Instrumentation
B) Maturation
C) History
D) An order effect

Accepted Answer

An order effect occurs in within-subjects designs when the sequence in which the experimental conditions are presented affects the outcome on the dependent variable. This can happen because participants may get better with practice (practice effects) or get worse due to fatigue (fatigue effects), among other reasons.

Question 9

A Latin square design is used as what kind of strategy?
A) counterbalancing
B) maturation
C) instrumentation
D) t-test

Accepted Answer

A Latin square design is used as a counterbalancing strategy to control for the effects of order in measures. This design allows each condition to appear in each position an equal number of times, thus minimizing order effects.

Question 10

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat to internal validity?
A) making continuation in the study appealing
B) not using distractor items
C) changing the participants during the study
D) decreasing time between the different conditions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a possible...

Question 11

Nicole asked her research lab partner why their repeated-measures design was classified as a within-subjects design. Nicole's research lab partner noted that participants in their repeated-measures design:
A) are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study.
B) are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) are needed for adequate statistical power only because there are 15 participants.

Accepted Answer

In a within-subjects design, participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable, allowing for direct comparison of conditions within the same individuals.

Question 12

Nabi and colleagues (2003) researched reality television programming that focused on:
A) people who live and work on a TV studio set.
B) unscripted programs about people being themselves in a living or working environment.
C) scripted programs about people being themselves in a living or working environment.
D) scripted television featuring wealthy celebrities.

Accepted Answer

Nabi and colleagues' research on reality television programming concentrated on unscripted programs that showcase people in their natural living or working environments, highlighting the genuine, unscripted nature of these shows.

Question 13

_____ is a threat to internal validity due to an external event that can potentially influence participants' behavior during an experiment.
A) Maturation
B) History
C) Instrumentation
D) Attrition

Accepted Answer

History refers to events that occur outside the experiment but during the course of the study, which may affect participants' responses or behaviors, thus posing a threat to the internal validity of the experiment.

Question 14

_____ describes changes in a participant's responses or behavior due to increased experience with the measurement.
A) A practice effect
B) Instrumentation.
C) A carryover effect
D) Maturation

Accepted Answer

A practice effect occurs when participants' responses or behaviors change over time due to repeated exposure to the test or measurement, leading to increased familiarity or proficiency.

Question 15

_____ is a threat to the internal validity of a study because participants' scores may change on subsequent measurements simply because of increased familiarity.
A) Instrumentation
B) A carryover effect
C) A testing effect
D) A practice effect

Accepted Answer

A testing effect refers to changes in participants' scores due to repeated testing, where familiarity with the test can influence performance.

Question 16

A 2007 exploratory study examining reality TV show appeal found that:
A) participants watched reality television shows to pass the time.
B) participants watched reality television shows for voyeuristic reasons.
C) fictional TV shows are more appealing than reality TV shows.
D) viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality television shows.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 2007 exploratory study examining reality TV...

Question 17

_____ refers to the exposure to earlier experimental conditions, which can influence responses on subsequent experimental conditions.
A) History
B) Instrumentation
C) A sensitization effect
D) A carryover effect

Accepted Answer

A carryover effect specifically refers to the phenomenon where exposure to previous conditions in an experiment affects participants' responses in later conditions. This can occur in repeated measures designs where the same participants are exposed to multiple conditions or treatments.

Question 18

Ava is having her social studies students assessed at multiple points throughout the academic year, after each academic module has been completed. However, she does not need a baseline measurement. Ava is conducting a:
A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Accepted Answer

A repeated-measures design involves assessing the same participants multiple times across different conditions or time points. Since Ava is assessing her students after each academic module without needing a baseline measurement, this approach aligns with a repeated-measures design, where the same group is measured multiple times.

Question 19

Peter needs to conduct an initial assessment on all of his soccer players to see if they are in shape after a summer of no practices. Peter is conducting a:
A) longitudinal design.
B) case study.
C) behavioral diary.
D) baseline measurement.

Accepted Answer

Baseline measurement is the correct answer because it involves assessing the initial level of performance or ability of the players before starting any training or intervention, which is exactly what Peter is doing by checking if his soccer players are in shape after a summer break.

Question 20

_____ is a threat to internal validity due to changes in how a variable is measured during the course of an experiment.
A) A testing effect
B) A carryover effect
C) A practice effect
D) Instrumentation

Accepted Answer

Instrumentation refers to changes in the calibration of a measurement tool or changes in observers that might lead to inconsistencies in the measurement across the study, thus threatening internal validity.

Quiz 10: Within-Subjects Design: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

_____ is a threat to internal validity stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.

Juanita, a fitness instructor, wants to collect physical baseline measurements from her fitness class students. She plans to assess her students throughout the next six months and at the end of the fitness course. Juanita is conducting a:

Professor Marks is most interested in whether his students' knowledge increased during the progression of his math course. Students took a quiz at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Professor Marks used a:

Dr. Mims clarifies that a pretest-posttest design is a within-subject design rather than a between-subjects design because:

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

The _____ is a deterioration in measurements due to participants becoming tired, less attentive, or careless during the course of the study.

Dr. Clarks emphasizes that longitudinal studies are considered within-subjects design because:

_____ is a threat to internal validity in a within-subjects design resulting from the influence that the sequence of experiment conditions can have on the dependent variable.

A Latin square design is used as what kind of strategy?

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat to internal validity?

Nicole asked her research lab partner why their repeated-measures design was classified as a within-subjects design. Nicole's research lab partner noted that participants in their repeated-measures design:

Nabi and colleagues (2003) researched reality television programming that focused on:

_____ is a threat to internal validity due to an external event that can potentially influence participants' behavior during an experiment.

_____ describes changes in a participant's responses or behavior due to increased experience with the measurement.

_____ is a threat to the internal validity of a study because participants' scores may change on subsequent measurements simply because of increased familiarity.

A 2007 exploratory study examining reality TV show appeal found that:

_____ refers to the exposure to earlier experimental conditions, which can influence responses on subsequent experimental conditions.

Ava is having her social studies students assessed at multiple points throughout the academic year, after each academic module has been completed. However, she does not need a baseline measurement. Ava is conducting a:

Peter needs to conduct an initial assessment on all of his soccer players to see if they are in shape after a summer of no practices. Peter is conducting a:

_____ is a threat to internal validity due to changes in how a variable is measured during the course of an experiment.