Question 1

Hans Eysenck claimed that ______________ people improved without therapy when compared with those who received therapy.

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck claimed that the same amount of people improved without therapy when compared with those who received therapy, suggesting that therapy did not have a significant impact on improving mental health conditions compared to no treatment.

Question 2

A 1977 meta-analysis by Mary Ann Smith and Gene Glass concluded that the average person receiving psychotherapy showed more positive outcomes than ____________ of non-treated individuals. More modern meta-analyses of the effectiveness of therapy have generated percentages that are ______________.

Accepted Answer

The 1977 meta-analysis by Smith and Glass found that the average person receiving psychotherapy was better off than 75% of those not receiving treatment, indicating a strong effect of therapy. More modern meta-analyses have generally found similar effectiveness rates, suggesting that the effectiveness of psychotherapy has remained roughly equivalent over time.

Question 3

A doctor wants to assess whether psychodynamically oriented therapists can increase positive emotions among patients with depression. The details of this topic reflect the current interest in the ______________ question.

Accepted Answer

The question is about the specificity of psychodynamically oriented therapy in increasing positive emotions among patients with depression. This reflects the current interest in the question of whether specific therapies are more effective for specific disorders.

Question 4

In a randomized clinical trial, participants in the control condition may receive a placebo to ________.

Accepted Answer

A placebo is used in the control group to control for the placebo effect, where participants' expectations about the treatment can influence the outcomes. This helps isolate the effect of the actual intervention being tested.

Question 5

Martin Seligman's "Consumer Reports" survey regarding the utility of psychotherapy could be criticized on the grounds that ________.

Accepted Answer

The primary criticism of Martin Seligman's "Consumer Reports" survey is that it had a low response rate, which could potentially bias the results and limit the generalizability of the findings.

Question 6

Better answers to the specificity question are important for ________.

Accepted Answer

Better answers to the specificity question are important for human suffering and economic reasons because they can lead to more effective treatments and interventions, reducing suffering and healthcare costs.

Question 7

The technique called ______________ allows researchers to simultaneously examine many different research studies and to draw conclusions about the overall effectiveness of a particular treatment.

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple scientific studies to identify overall trends, which is particularly useful in determining the effectiveness of treatments across various research findings.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a client factor that affects psychotherapy outcomes?

Accepted Answer

The genuineness of the therapist is not a client factor but rather a therapist factor that can affect psychotherapy outcomes. Client factors typically refer to characteristics or attributes of the client themselves, such as their openness, self-relatedness, and the fit between their disorder and the treatment method.

Question 9

According to the text, psychotherapy outcome measures can differ along which two dimensions, the _____________________ and the ________________________?

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapy outcome measures can vary based on the source of the data (e.g., self-reports, clinician reports, or observational measures) and the specific outcome variable assessed (e.g., symptom reduction, quality of life improvements). These dimensions reflect the origin of the information and what aspect of change or improvement the measure is designed to capture.

Question 10

In review studies making use of the meta-analysis technique, it is common for researchers to calculate the ___________________ statistic as a measure of treatment effectiveness.

Accepted Answer

The effect size statistic is commonly calculated in meta-analysis studies to measure treatment effectiveness, as it quantifies the difference between two groups in a standardized way, allowing for comparison across studies.

Question 11

The fact that most forms of therapy yield comparable effectiveness results is referred to as the ________.

Accepted Answer

The term "dodo bird verdict" comes from the Dodo bird in Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" who declared "everybody has won and all must have prizes." It refers to the finding that different forms of therapy are about equally effective, suggesting that common factors among therapies may be more important than the specific techniques used.

Question 12

Research on empirically supported treatments would be easiest to conduct on therapies associated with the _____________ approach, most likely because these therapies are easier to capture in a standardized treatment manual format.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral therapies are more structured and focus on specific techniques and principles that can be standardized and replicated across different studies, making them easier to research empirically.

Question 13

The 1995 Consumer Reports survey found that among those respondents indicating that they had sought mental health services, the majority said that they ________.

Accepted Answer

The 1995 Consumer Reports survey indicated that the majority of respondents who had sought mental health services reported improvement as a result of treatment and were satisfied with their therapist.

Question 14

How long the effects of a particular therapy last is best determined by the use of ________.

Accepted Answer

Follow-up data is the best method to determine how long the effects of a particular therapy last, as it involves monitoring patients after the treatment has ended to assess the duration and persistence of the therapy's effects.

Question 15

The famous Smith and Glass (1977) meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcomes revealed that the average person who received psychotherapy was better off than ____________ of untreated individuals.

Accepted Answer

The Smith and Glass (1977) meta-analysis found that the average person who received psychotherapy was better off than 75% of untreated individuals, indicating the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Question 16

Who is MOST likely to not seek mental-health services and drop out of treatment if such services are sought?

Accepted Answer

Shelly is most likely to not seek mental-health services and drop out of treatment if such services are sought because she belongs to a tightly-knit Mexican family and recently moved to Kitchener, Ontario. This suggests that she may be less likely to trust outsiders and may be more likely to rely on her family for support.

Question 17

A research design in which participants have well-defined psychological disorders and are assigned to either an experimental or control condition is called a ________.

Accepted Answer

A randomized clinical trial is a research design where participants with specific psychological disorders are randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving the treatment under investigation or a control group, often receiving a placebo or standard treatment, to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

Question 18

Which of the following individuals made a major criticism of therapy in the 1950s by showing that people recovered from psychological problems as well without treatment as they did when seeing a psychotherapist?

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck made a significant contribution to the field of psychology by critically evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy. In the 1950s, he published controversial research suggesting that the rates of recovery from psychological disorders were almost the same for individuals who received psychotherapy as for those who did not receive any treatment. This criticism sparked a great deal of debate and further research into the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions.

Question 19

According to the text, the question, "Which types of therapy, administered by which kinds of therapists, to which kinds of clients, having which kinds of problems, produce which kinds of effects?" is known as the _____________ question.

Accepted Answer

This question is known as the specificity question. It seeks to understand the specific outcomes of different types of therapy, applied by various therapists, to diverse clients with particular problems, aiming to identify the precise effects of these therapeutic interventions.

Question 20

Early research in effectiveness of psychotherapy most often utilized the ____________ methodology.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Early research in effectiveness of psychotherapy most...

Quiz 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders