Question 1

Based on case studies and clinical experience, most therapists believe that repression is a valid concept, while many researchers in academic environments argue that the forgetting of traumatic events may be due to ______________________.
A)misinformation effects
B)cue-dependent forgetting
C)non-motivated forgetting
D)maintenance rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Many researchers argue that the forgetting of traumatic events may be due to non-motivated forgetting, which suggests that forgetting can occur without a conscious or unconscious motive, as opposed to repression which implies a motivated process.

Question 2

Which area of the brain appears to play a key role in working memory, particularly central executive functions?
A)Hippocampus
B)Amygdala
C)Frontal lobes
D)Cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobes are crucial for higher-order functions, including problem-solving, planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior, which are central to the central executive functions of working memory.

Question 3

Faulty source monitoring refers to
A)disrupted sensory signature on fMRI
B)lack of consistency in brain activity states
C)an incorrect memory attribution
D)lack of consistency between PET and fMRI studies

Accepted Answer

Faulty source monitoring occurs when an individual incorrectly attributes the origin of a memory, meaning they may remember the information but are mistaken about where or how they acquired it.

Question 4

A person who has received damage to his amygdala will most likely
A)have difficulty creating and storing new long-term declarative memories
B)show difficulty processing information from the sensory registers
C)have difficulty creating and storing new procedural memories
D)be unable to encode emotionally disturbing memories or fear responses

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is crucial for processing emotions, especially fear and aggression. Damage to the amygdala can impair the ability to encode emotionally disturbing memories or fear responses, affecting emotional learning and emotional memory.

Question 5

In order to investigate the brain systems involved in episodic memory, Dr. Jones gathers fMRI readings from participants as they recall events from the previous day. Dr. Jones's research is best categorized as an example of a
A)electrical stimulation study
B)brain imaging study
C)state-dependent memory task
D)non-human animal lesion experiment

Accepted Answer

Dr. Jones's research involves gathering fMRI readings, which is a technique used in brain imaging studies to observe brain activity. This method does not involve electrical stimulation, state-dependent memory tasks, or non-human animal lesion experiments.

Question 6

Individuals undergoing an fMRI who incorrectly identified shapes as being previously viewed showed activity in _______________.
A)the amygdala
B)different areas than those associated with correctly identifying shapes
C)the same areas associated with correctly identifying shapes
D)the hippocampus

Accepted Answer

The same areas associated with correctly identifying shapes are activated because the brain processes the recognition of shapes similarly, whether the identification is correct or incorrect.

Question 7

The memories of children who were undergoing painful medical procedures reveal that
A)younger children showed evidence of memory repression while older children did not
B)older children showed evidence of memory repression while younger children did not
C)neither younger nor older children showed any evidence of memory repression
D)both younger and older children showed evidence of memory repression

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that neither younger nor older children showed evidence of memory repression during painful medical procedures. Instead, children tend to remember such events, although the accuracy and detail of these memories can vary.

Question 8

In terms of witnesses' identifications of possible perpetrators, identifications based on auditory cues alone (e.g., voice) tend to be
A)less accurate than identifications based on visual cues alone
B)more accurate than identifications based on both visual and auditory cues
C)about as accurate as identifications based on cues from other, non-auditory, sensory modalities
D)more accurate than identifications based on visual cues alone

Accepted Answer

Identifications based on auditory cues alone are generally less accurate than those based on visual cues alone. This is because humans tend to be better at recognizing and remembering faces and visual features compared to voices or sounds, making visual identifications more reliable.

Question 9

Goodman et al. investigated the impact of misleading questions on children's memories for a traumatic event (i.e., a painful hospital procedure) and found that overall, younger children had memories that were less accurate than older children and that misleading questions had _______ effect on children's memories for this particular event.
A)a strong
B)a weak
C)a temporary
D)no

Accepted Answer

Misleading questions did not significantly alter children's memories for the traumatic event, indicating that their memories for this specific type of event were resilient to the effects of suggestive questioning.

Question 10

The "encoding station" for long-term declarative memory is called the ____________.
A)cerebral cortex
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of long-term declarative memories, which include facts and events.

Question 11

Researchers now believe that memories are not stored like video recordings at various locations in the brain, but rather, are distributed throughout the brain. The region of the brain that plays an important role in consolidating our memories before they are stored across the brain is the _______________.
A)brain stem
B)parietal lobe
C)thalamus
D)hippocampus

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is crucial for memory consolidation, acting as a sort of processing center where memories are formed and then distributed to other parts of the brain for long-term storage.

Question 12

Kandel's research on learning in the sea slug, aplysia, allowed him and his colleagues to study
A)which neurons changed as a result of forgetting
B)how neurons changed as a result of damage
C)what cellular messengers triggered learning-induced changes
D)what cellular messengers triggered behavioural changes

Accepted Answer

Kandel's research on the sea slug, Aplysia, was groundbreaking in identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. One of the key findings was understanding how specific cellular messengers are involved in triggering the synaptic changes that underlie learning-induced modifications.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding the tendency for people to forget traumatic personal events is most accurate?
A)Children and adults almost never forget traumatic personal events.
B)Memory loss for traumatic events can occur with both children and adults.
C)It is very common for adults to forget traumatic events, but it almost never happens with children.
D)It is very common for young children to forget traumatic events, but it almost never happens with adults.

Accepted Answer

Memory loss for traumatic events, known as dissociative amnesia, can indeed occur in both children and adults. This phenomenon is part of the brain's coping mechanisms to protect an individual from the full emotional impact of traumatic experiences.

Question 14

It is generally thought that the process of memory consolidation occurs in the
A)thalamus
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is crucial for memory consolidation, the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories.

Question 15

Research has revealed that the cerebellum plays a particularly important role in the formation of
A)procedural memories
B)semantic memories
C)explicit memories
D)episodic memories

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is crucial for the formation of procedural memories, which are memories of how to perform tasks and actions, such as riding a bike or playing an instrument. These are considered implicit memories, as they are not consciously recalled but are demonstrated through performance.

Question 16

Successful retrieval of memories that have an emotional component may be associated with _________ activity.
A)limbic system
B)autonomic nervous system
C)primary visual cortex
D)semantic cortex

Accepted Answer

The limbic system is closely associated with emotions and is involved in the formation and retrieval of emotional memories, making it the correct choice.

Question 17

Regarding eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators
A)female eyewitnesses tend to make more accurate identifications than male eyewitnesses do
B)male eyewitnesses tend to be more confident in their identifications than female eyewitnesses
C)male and female eyewitnesses tend to be equally confident
D)male eyewitnesses tend to make more accurate identifications than female eyewitnesses do

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that male eyewitnesses tend to be more confident in their identifications than female eyewitnesses, although this increased confidence does not necessarily correlate with increased accuracy.

Question 18

As is the case with the H.M., damage to this region of the brain can permanently limit a person's ability to form new declarative memories. This region is the _______________.
A)hypothalamus
B)hippocampus
C)cerebellum
D)amygdala

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of new declarative memories, which include facts and events. Damage to this area, as seen in the famous case of patient H.M., can severely impair a person's ability to form new long-term memories.

Question 19

Dr. Albert conducts a study in which she first trains rats to run a maze. She then intentionally damages a particular portion of the rats' thalamus and observes the impact that this has on the rats' learning and performance in the maze. Dr. Albert's research is best characterized as an example of a
A)human lesion study
B)brain imaging study
C)state-dependent memory task
D)non-human animal lesion experiment

Accepted Answer

Dr. Albert's study involves intentionally damaging a part of the brain in rats to observe the effects on behavior, which is characteristic of a non-human animal lesion experiment.

Question 20

The three major approaches that scientists use to study the brain regions involved in memory are studies of
A)electrical stimulation, non-human animal lesions, brain-imaging
B)encoding, storage, and retrieval
C)episodic, semantic, and procedural memory
D)sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Accepted Answer

The three major approaches that scientists use to study the brain regions involved in memory include electrical stimulation (applying electrical currents to specific parts of the brain to observe effects), non-human animal lesions (studying the effects of damage to specific brain areas in animals), and brain-imaging (using techniques like MRI or PET scans to see how different brain regions activate during memory tasks). These methods directly investigate the physical and functional aspects of the brain related to memory.

Quiz 8: Memory

Based on case studies and clinical experience, most therapists believe that repression is a valid concept, while many researchers in academic environments argue that the forgetting of traumatic events may be due to ______________________.

Which area of the brain appears to play a key role in working memory, particularly central executive functions?

Faulty source monitoring refers to

A person who has received damage to his amygdala will most likely

In order to investigate the brain systems involved in episodic memory, Dr. Jones gathers fMRI readings from participants as they recall events from the previous day. Dr. Jones's research is best categorized as an example of a

Individuals undergoing an fMRI who incorrectly identified shapes as being previously viewed showed activity in _______________.

The memories of children who were undergoing painful medical procedures reveal that

In terms of witnesses' identifications of possible perpetrators, identifications based on auditory cues alone (e.g., voice) tend to be

The "encoding station" for long-term declarative memory is called the ____________.

Kandel's research on learning in the sea slug, aplysia, allowed him and his colleagues to study

Which of the following statements regarding the tendency for people to forget traumatic personal events is most accurate?

It is generally thought that the process of memory consolidation occurs in the

Research has revealed that the cerebellum plays a particularly important role in the formation of

Successful retrieval of memories that have an emotional component may be associated with _________ activity.

Regarding eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators

As is the case with the H.M., damage to this region of the brain can permanently limit a person's ability to form new declarative memories. This region is the _______________.

Dr. Albert conducts a study in which she first trains rats to run a maze. She then intentionally damages a particular portion of the rats' thalamus and observes the impact that this has on the rats' learning and performance in the maze. Dr. Albert's research is best characterized as an example of a

The three major approaches that scientists use to study the brain regions involved in memory are studies of