Joan is trying to potty train her dog. So every time the dog goes outside to the bathroom, she says "good dog" and gives him a treat. Now the dog goes outside just to hear Joan say "good dog". Saying "good dog" can be considered as a

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"Saying 'good dog'" acts as a secondary reinforcer in this scenario because it is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. The dog has learned to associate the praise with the positive experience of receiving a treat, making the praise itself reinforcing.

Joan Is Trying to Potty Train Her Dog