Joan is trying to potty train her dog. So every time the dog goes outside to the bathroom, she says "good dog" and gives him a treat. The treat can be considered as a

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The treat acts as a primary reinforcer because it satisfies a basic biological need or desire, which in this case is hunger. Primary reinforcers do not require learning to be effective; they inherently provide reinforcement.

Joan Is Trying to Potty Train Her Dog