Question 1

Jon used to be in love with Henry. But over the past year, Jon says that the feeling is no longer there and he has fallen out of love. This is a sad situation, but in terms of classical conditioning, it is simply an example of

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response over time. In this context, the feelings of love (conditioned response) that Jon had for Henry (conditioned stimulus) have diminished because the factors that led to Jon's love are no longer present or effective, illustrating the concept of extinction.

Question 2

Jon is really attracted to Henry. He feels really good whenever he is around him. Jon may call this love, but in terms of classical conditioned, it could be seen as

Accepted Answer

Jon's feeling of attraction or feeling good around Henry can be seen as a conditioned response, which is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. The device produces a very low-level but annoying electric shock as she wears it. If she does not reach for a cigarette for 1 minute, the shock stops. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement is used here because the annoying electric shock (an aversive stimulus) is removed when Janice refrains from reaching for a cigarette, which increases the likelihood that she will repeat this behavior (not reaching for a cigarette) to avoid the shock.

Question 4

Yan has a very stressful job. He often comes home from work and has a drink to ease the stress. Now he finds that he is drinking quite often. Yan's drinking is maintained by

Accepted Answer

Yan's drinking behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement because the alcohol consumption is used to reduce or remove the unpleasant feeling of stress, thereby reinforcing the behavior to continue.

Question 5

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. If she is able to not reach for a cigarette for an hour, she receives a star that can later be turned for a prize. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Accepted Answer

The treatment uses positive reinforcement by rewarding Janice with a star for not reaching for a cigarette, which encourages her to repeat the behavior.

Question 6

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the watering from the sand is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Every time Joan goes to the beach,...

Question 7

Let's say that have just won a lottery draw. The gaming commission offers you two choices for prize: $500 now or $2000 next year. You are very excited about this outcome, but will probably choose the $2000 next year because of your ability to

Accepted Answer

Choosing the $2000 next year over $500 now demonstrates an ability to delay gratification, which means resisting the temptation of an immediate reward in preference for a later reward.

Question 8

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the sand in her eyes is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Every time Joan goes to the beach,...

Question 9

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the crying as she nears the beach is a(n)

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In this scenario, crying when nearing the beach has become the conditioned response for Joan, as it was learned through the association of the beach (conditioned stimulus) with wind and sand in her eyes (unconditioned stimulus), which naturally caused her eyes to water (unconditioned response).

Question 10

Jon is really attracted to Henry. The way he looks just automatically makes him feel good. Jon may call this lover, but in terms of classical conditioned, the fact that he "feels good" could be seen as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jon is really attracted to Henry. The...

Question 11

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. She also has an account that she can use for prizes. If she reaches for a cigarette, 10 points are deducted for her account. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus (in this case, points from her account) to decrease a behavior (reaching for a cigarette).

Question 12

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. In this learning model, the important association is between

Accepted Answer

The answer of Every time Joan goes to the beach,...

Question 13

James failed his last midterm, so his parents took away his allowance for a week. His parents are using a form of

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus (in this case, the allowance) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (failing a midterm) occurring again.

Question 14

Yan has a very stressful job. He often comes home from work and has a drink to ease the stress. After a while, he found that the drinking made him sick, so he stopped. Yan's behaviour was changed by

Accepted Answer

Yan's behavior of drinking to ease stress was changed because he became sick from it, which is an example of positive punishment. Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant consequence after an undesired behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again. In this case, the sickness acts as the unpleasant consequence that follows the drinking behavior, leading to a decrease in that behavior.

Question 15

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the beach is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The beach has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) for Joan. Initially, the wind (an unconditioned stimulus or UCS) caused her to tear up (an unconditioned response or UCR). Over time, the beach itself, previously neutral, now triggers her to cry (a conditioned response or CR) without the wind blowing sand into her eyes.

Question 16

Joan is trying to potty train her dog. So every time the dog goes outside to the bathroom, she says "good dog" and gives him a treat. The treat can be considered as a

Accepted Answer

The treat acts as a primary reinforcer because it satisfies a basic biological need or desire, which in this case is hunger. Primary reinforcers do not require learning to be effective; they inherently provide reinforcement.

Question 17

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. Whenever she does, she receives a mild electric shock. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Accepted Answer

This treatment is an example of positive punishment because it adds an unpleasant stimulus (mild electric shock) in response to a behavior (reaching for a cigarette) with the aim of decreasing that behavior.

Question 18

Joan is trying to potty train her dog. So every time the dog goes outside to the bathroom, she says "good dog" and gives him a treat. Now the dog goes outside just to hear Joan say "good dog". Saying "good dog" can be considered as a

Accepted Answer

"Saying 'good dog'" acts as a secondary reinforcer in this scenario because it is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. The dog has learned to associate the praise with the positive experience of receiving a treat, making the praise itself reinforcing.

Question 19

James did very well on his last midterm, so his parents bought him a new laptop. His parents are using a form of

Accepted Answer

The answer of James did very well on his last...

Question 20

James was studying very hard for his midterm. He studied all night and in the morning he had a headache, so he took a couple of Tylenol and the headache disappeared. Now James takes Tylenol all the time. His behaviour has been altered by

Accepted Answer

The answer of James was studying very hard for his...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Jon used to be in love with Henry. But over the past year, Jon says that the feeling is no longer there and he has fallen out of love. This is a sad situation, but in terms of classical conditioning, it is simply an example of

Jon is really attracted to Henry. He feels really good whenever he is around him. Jon may call this love, but in terms of classical conditioned, it could be seen as

Yan has a very stressful job. He often comes home from work and has a drink to ease the stress. Now he finds that he is drinking quite often. Yan's drinking is maintained by

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. If she is able to not reach for a cigarette for an hour, she receives a star that can later be turned for a prize. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the watering from the sand is a(n)

Let's say that have just won a lottery draw. The gaming commission offers you two choices for prize: $500 now or $2000 next year. You are very excited about this outcome, but will probably choose the $2000 next year because of your ability to

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the sand in her eyes is a(n)

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the crying as she nears the beach is a(n)

Jon is really attracted to Henry. The way he looks just automatically makes him feel good. Jon may call this lover, but in terms of classical conditioned, the fact that he "feels good" could be seen as

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. In this learning model, the important association is between

James failed his last midterm, so his parents took away his allowance for a week. His parents are using a form of

Yan has a very stressful job. He often comes home from work and has a drink to ease the stress. After a while, he found that the drinking made him sick, so he stopped. Yan's behaviour was changed by

Every time Joan goes to the beach, the wind comes up and blows sand into her eyes. As a result, her eyes water up a bit. Now, whenever she gets near the beach, she starts to cry. For Joan, the beach is a(n)

Joan is trying to potty train her dog. So every time the dog goes outside to the bathroom, she says "good dog" and gives him a treat. The treat can be considered as a

Janice is trying to stop smoking. So her doctor set her up with a device that can detect when she reaches for a cigarette. Whenever she does, she receives a mild electric shock. This treatment is attempting to help Janice by using

Joan is trying to potty train her dog. So every time the dog goes outside to the bathroom, she says "good dog" and gives him a treat. Now the dog goes outside just to hear Joan say "good dog". Saying "good dog" can be considered as a

James did very well on his last midterm, so his parents bought him a new laptop. His parents are using a form of

James was studying very hard for his midterm. He studied all night and in the morning he had a headache, so he took a couple of Tylenol and the headache disappeared. Now James takes Tylenol all the time. His behaviour has been altered by