Question 1

In Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment, children who saw a model being _________ for acting aggressively later performed _____________ aggressive acts when placed in a room with various toys.
A)punished; fewer
B)punished; more
C)rewarded; fewer
D)rewarded; no

Accepted Answer

Children who observed the model being punished for aggressive behavior later exhibited fewer aggressive acts, demonstrating the impact of observed consequences on behavior.

Question 2

The Joyce Sprafkin research demonstrating that children who watched a prosocial Lassie TV program were more likely to engage in helpful behaviour was presented to illustrate which of the following?
A)Cognitive maps
B)Latent learning
C)Observational learning
D)Insight

Accepted Answer

The Joyce Sprafkin research is used to illustrate observational learning, showing that children can learn and imitate behaviors by watching others, in this case through a TV program.

Question 3

A child notices and watches an adult who is able to do something that she can't yet do. This child's behaviour best illustrates which of the following steps in the modelling process?
A)Motivation
B)Retention
C)Attention
D)Reproduction

Accepted Answer

Observing and watching someone perform a task that one cannot yet do involves focusing on the behavior, which is the essence of the attention phase in the modeling process. Attention is the first step, where the learner notices the model's behavior.

Question 4

The _____________ model asserts that the key factor in classical conditioning is not how often the CS is paired with the UCS, but how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS.
A)insight
B)expectancy
C)latent learning
D)cognitive

Accepted Answer

The expectancy model of classical conditioning emphasizes that the critical aspect is the expectation that the conditioned stimulus (CS) creates for the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), rather than just the frequency of pairing between the two.

Question 5

A chef has cooked a delicious dish that they learnt a few weeks ago from watching a television show on the food channel. The chef kept the recipe and the method in their mind from a few days ago until it was time to actually cook the dish, demonstrating _____________.
A)learning by insight
B)latent learning
C)classical conditioning
D)instrumental learning

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to knowledge that is acquired without any immediate expression of that knowledge until a situation calls for it. In this case, the chef learned the recipe and method by watching a television show and retained this information without using it until it was needed to cook the dish.

Question 6

Which of the following two brain structures are most directly involved in acquiring classically conditioned associations?
A)prefrontal cortex; thalamus
B)prefrontal cortex; amygdala
C)cerebellum; thalamus
D)hypothalamus; thalamus
E)cerebellum; amygdala

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is involved in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning, particularly those involving physical responses. The amygdala plays a key role in emotional conditioning, which is a form of classical conditioning involving emotional responses. Together, these structures are crucial for acquiring classically conditioned associations.

Question 7

The psychologist Albert Bandura identified a four-step process necessary for observational learning to occur. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps?
A)retention
B)recollection
C)reproduction
D)motivation

Accepted Answer

Bandura's four-step process for observational learning includes attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. "Recollection" is not one of the steps identified by Bandura.

Question 8

A student is raised by caring parents who go out of their way to help needy people. They volunteer their time regularly toward good causes. MOST likely, The student will grow up to be _____________.
A)prosocial
B)ignorant about helping others
C)antisocial
D)complacent about helping others

Accepted Answer

The student is likely to grow up to be prosocial because they are raised in an environment where helping others and volunteering for good causes is valued and practiced. This upbringing can influence their behavior positively towards being more helpful and cooperative with others.

Question 9

How do psychologists know that the hypothalamus and neural pathways involving dopamine regulate the ability to experience reward?
A)Rats will refuse to repeatedly press a lever to receive electrical stimulation in the areas of the hypothalamus.
B)Humans are unable to report pleasure when specific areas in the hypothalamus are electrically stimulated.
C)Rats will repeatedly press a lever to receive electrical stimulation in the areas of the hypothalamus and humans report pleasure when specific areas in the hypothalamus are electrically stimulated.
D)Humans will pay unethical surgeons to have electrodes implanted to self-stimulate their hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

C is correct because both parts of the statement are true and supported by research. Rats have been shown to repeatedly press a lever to receive electrical stimulation in areas of the hypothalamus, indicating the stimulation is rewarding. Similarly, humans have reported feelings of pleasure when specific areas of the hypothalamus are electrically stimulated, suggesting these areas are involved in the experience of reward.

Question 10

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to _____________ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how ___________.
A)have no effect on; learning influences biology
B)have no effect on; biology influences learning
C)slow down; learning influences biology
D)slow down; biology influences learning

Accepted Answer

C) slow down; learning influences biology. This choice is correct because it reflects the idea that engaging in learning and stimulating activities can have a positive impact on biological processes, such as cognitive decline, demonstrating how learning can influence biological outcomes.

Question 11

According to learning theorists, insight involves the _____________.
A)positive reinforcement of a conditioned response on a variable schedule of reinforcement
B)sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem
C)identification of antecedent stimuli that indicate when a behaviour will have certain consequences
D)association of a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Insight involves the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem, according to learning theorists. This concept is often associated with the "aha" moment when an individual suddenly understands how different elements of a situation fit together to provide a solution.

Question 12

The psychologist Albert Bandura, a prominent researcher of observational learning, suggested that for organisms to learn from observation, they must first _____________.
A)have motivation to display the behaviour produced by the model
B)be attentive to the behaviour produced by the model
C)recall the behaviour that was produced by the model
D)have the ability to reproduce the behaviour

Accepted Answer

Attention is the first step in observational learning according to Bandura, as individuals must first notice and focus on the behavior being modeled before they can learn from it.

Question 13

In the anticipatory nausea and vomiting response that can occur with patients receiving cancer treatment, initially neutral stimuli, such as needles, the hospital, or the treatment room, become _____________ that trigger sickness.
A)negative reinforcers
B)conditioned stimuli
C)positive reinforcers
D)discriminative stimuli

Accepted Answer

Conditioned stimuli are initially neutral stimuli that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the chemotherapy that causes nausea), come to elicit a conditioned response (nausea and vomiting) on their own. This is a classic example of classical conditioning.

Question 14

Which of the following is most strongly related to the concept of instinctive drift?
A)A chicken being trained to play baseball reacted to the ball as if it were food.
B)Rats that were shocked associated the shock with a buzzer and light but not a sweet taste.
C)Rats made ill by X-rays associated it with sweet water but not a light or buzzer.
D)A coyote learns to avoid sheep because ranchers have paired sheep meat with lithium chloride.

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift refers to the phenomenon where an animal's innate behaviors interfere with conditioned responses, as seen in the example of a chicken treating a baseball like food, which is a natural behavior overriding trained behavior.

Question 15

What plays a key role in regulating our ability to experience reward?
A)Amygdala
B)Neural pathways involving serotonin
C)The thalamus
D)Neural pathways involving dopamine

Accepted Answer

Neural pathways involving dopamine are crucial in the brain's reward system, influencing pleasure and motivation.

Question 16

For a traditional behaviourist, the most troubling aspects of Tolman's latent learning research with rats was that learning was happening without any _____________.
A)discriminative stimuli
B)awareness of contingencies
C)insight
D)direct reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Traditional behaviorists believe that learning occurs through direct reinforcement. Tolman's concept of latent learning, where rats learned without direct reinforcement, challenged this fundamental behaviorist principle.

Question 17

A 6-year-old child was suffering from a disease in which the immune system attacked the child's body. Treatment started with paired cod liver oil with an immune-suppressant drug. Later, when the child only received pure cod liver oil, the immune system still showed the intended impairment. In this instance, the CS would be the _____________.
A)immune system impairment triggered by the cod liver oil
B)immune system impairment triggered by the drug
C)cod liver oil
D)immune-suppressant drug

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. In this case, the cod liver oil, which was initially neutral, became the CS when the child's immune system showed the intended impairment after receiving only the cod liver oil, indicating that the immune system's response had been conditioned to the cod liver oil.

Question 18

An exchange student visits a foreign country with a culture very different from their culture. The student observes hosts when they greet people, and the student greets the natives in the same way observed by the host family. The student has learnt this behaviour by observing _____________.
A)role players
B)exemplars
C)models
D)prototypes

Accepted Answer

The student has learned this behavior by observing "models." In social learning theory, models are individuals or entities whose behaviors are emulated by others. The student is imitating the greeting behavior of the hosts, making them models in this context.

Question 19

Research suggests that a person would be LEAST likely to develop a phobia of which of the following?
A)Spiders
B)Heights
C)Snakes
D)Guns

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research suggests that a person would be...

Question 20

The researcher Rosenzweig (1984) found that young animals exposed to enriched learning environments with toys and greater opportunities to learn _____________.
A)develop heavier brains with more dendrites and synapses
B)have reduced amounts of neural pruning
C)are biologically predisposed to have larger brains with more neural connections
D)are biologically predisposed to learn faster and with greater efficiency

Accepted Answer

The answer of The researcher Rosenzweig (1984) found that young...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment, children who saw a model being _ for acting aggressively later performed _____ aggressive acts when placed in a room with various toys.

The Joyce Sprafkin research demonstrating that children who watched a prosocial Lassie TV program were more likely to engage in helpful behaviour was presented to illustrate which of the following?

A child notices and watches an adult who is able to do something that she can't yet do. This child's behaviour best illustrates which of the following steps in the modelling process?

The _____________ model asserts that the key factor in classical conditioning is not how often the CS is paired with the UCS, but how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS.

A chef has cooked a delicious dish that they learnt a few weeks ago from watching a television show on the food channel. The chef kept the recipe and the method in their mind from a few days ago until it was time to actually cook the dish, demonstrating _____________.

Which of the following two brain structures are most directly involved in acquiring classically conditioned associations?

The psychologist Albert Bandura identified a four-step process necessary for observational learning to occur. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps?

A student is raised by caring parents who go out of their way to help needy people. They volunteer their time regularly toward good causes. MOST likely, The student will grow up to be _____________.

How do psychologists know that the hypothalamus and neural pathways involving dopamine regulate the ability to experience reward?

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to ___ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how _.

According to learning theorists, insight involves the _____________.

The psychologist Albert Bandura, a prominent researcher of observational learning, suggested that for organisms to learn from observation, they must first _____________.

In the anticipatory nausea and vomiting response that can occur with patients receiving cancer treatment, initially neutral stimuli, such as needles, the hospital, or the treatment room, become _____________ that trigger sickness.

Which of the following is most strongly related to the concept of instinctive drift?

What plays a key role in regulating our ability to experience reward?

For a traditional behaviourist, the most troubling aspects of Tolman's latent learning research with rats was that learning was happening without any _____________.

An exchange student visits a foreign country with a culture very different from their culture. The student observes hosts when they greet people, and the student greets the natives in the same way observed by the host family. The student has learnt this behaviour by observing _____________.

Research suggests that a person would be LEAST likely to develop a phobia of which of the following?

The researcher Rosenzweig (1984) found that young animals exposed to enriched learning environments with toys and greater opportunities to learn _____________.