Question 1

Todd yells at his brother and takes his toy away. Todd's mom sees his behaviour and gives Todd a scolding. This is an example of _____________.
A)negative reinforcement
B)response cost punishment
C)aversive punishment
D)contingency punishment

Accepted Answer

Aversive punishment involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior, which in this case is the scolding Todd receives for taking his brother's toy.

Question 2

When a discriminative stimulus influences a behaviour, that behaviour _____________.
A)has been classically conditioned
B)is said to be under stimulus control
C)illustrates operant generalization
D)has been extinguished

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus is a type of stimulus that is used to signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment for a particular behavior, thus putting the behavior under stimulus control. This means the behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the discriminative stimulus because it has been learned that this stimulus indicates a certain consequence (reinforcement or punishment) for the behavior.

Question 3

On a rainy day Sally wears rubber boots to prevent her feet from getting wet. Preventing her feet from getting wet is a _____________.
A)negative reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)negative punishment
D)positive punishment

Accepted Answer

A negative reinforcer is something that, when removed after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. In this case, the discomfort of wet feet is removed by wearing rubber boots, which reinforces the behavior of wearing them on rainy days.

Question 4

The process in which a response decreases the frequency of a behaviour by the subsequent removal of a stimulus is called _____________.
A)negative reinforcement
B)response cost punishment
C)aversive punishment
D)contingency punishment

Accepted Answer

Response cost punishment involves decreasing the frequency of a behavior by removing a positive stimulus following the behavior.

Question 5

The fact that people can become more easily addicted to drugs that produce their effects quickly is most relevant to which of the following?
A)The effect of immediate reinforcement
B)The nature of withdrawal
C)Stimulus generalization
D)Shaping

Accepted Answer

The principle of immediate reinforcement explains that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Drugs that produce effects quickly provide immediate reinforcement of drug-taking behavior, increasing the likelihood of addiction.

Question 6

The use of shaping and chaining _____________.
A)is restricted to training animals
B)does not account for human behaviours
C)influences all organisms' behaviours
D)is restricted to training animals and does not account for human behaviours

Accepted Answer

Shaping and chaining are behavioral techniques used in operant conditioning that can influence the behaviors of all organisms, not just animals, but humans as well. These techniques involve the gradual modification of behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior (shaping) or linking together learned behaviors into a complex activity (chaining).

Question 7

The behavioural procedure that is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response is called _____________.
A)chaining
B)successive approximations
C)shaping
D)training

Accepted Answer

Chaining is a behavioral technique used to develop a sequence of responses where each response is reinforced by the opportunity to perform the next response. This method is often used in teaching complex behaviors.

Question 8

Jackson, a dog, has learned that when he wants to go and chase birds in the backyard, he has to stand in front of the back-porch door until his owner lets him out. Recently, Jackson's owner, Ismael, added an inner door to gain access to the back porch. Jackson must now push the inner door open, to be reinforced by the chance to stand at the back door, where his owner will open the door and let him out to chase birds. This behavioural process is called ____________.
A)behavioural modification
B)successive approximations
C)shaping
D)chaining

Accepted Answer

Chaining is the behavioral process described, where behaviors are linked together to form a complex activity. Jackson has learned a sequence of actions (pushing the inner door open and then standing at the back door) to achieve his goal of going outside to chase birds.

Question 9

Shaping is defined as the process in which _____________.
A)successive approximations of a desired behaviour are reinforced
B)a behaviour is weakened by the removal of a consequence
C)a neutral stimuli becomes a "reinforcer" because of its association with a primary reinforcer
D)a behaviour is strengthened by the presentation of a consequence

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior, thereby gradually guiding the behavior towards the target.

Question 10

A teenager refrains from using profanity when she is around her parents, who ground her when she swears, but when her parents aren't around, she often uses "bad language." This example demonstrates a limitation of ___________ because the suppression of the undesired behaviour ____________ to other relevant situations.
A)punishment; doesn't generalize
B)negative reinforcement; doesn't generalize
C)negative reinforcement; inadvertently generalizes
D)antecedents; doesn't generalize

Accepted Answer

The answer of A teenager refrains from using profanity when...

Question 11

A student wants to train their dog, Jupiter, to walk to the television and turn it on with using the nose. The student begins the training by rewarding Jupiter whenever they take a step into the living room. Next, the student rewards Jupiter only when they walk in the direction of the television. Then the student rewards Jupiter only when they walk to the television, and finally rewards Jupiter only when the touch the power button with their paw and turns on the television. The behavioural technique that the student is using to train the dog is called _____________.
A)chaining
B)approximate reinforcement
C)shaping
D)behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the correct answer because it involves reinforcing behaviors that are successively closer to the desired behavior. In this scenario, the student rewards behaviors that gradually approximate the final goal of turning on the television with the nose, which is a classic example of shaping.

Question 12

To assist Janice to stop smoking, she has made a contract with her closest friends. If anyone catches Janice smoking, she must pay that person $5.00 on the spot. This is an example of _____________.
A)negative reinforcement
B)aversive punishment
C)response cost punishment
D)contingency punishment

Accepted Answer

This is an example of response cost punishment, where a specific amount of a reinforcer (in this case, money) is removed after an undesirable behavior (smoking) occurs, in order to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.

Question 13

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.
A)negative reinforcement
B)higher-order conditioning
C)aversive punishment
D)secondary reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Aversive punishment involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior, which can lead to negative emotions such as fear and anger towards the person administering it.

Question 14

Generally, reinforcement that immediately follows a behaviour has _____________________________________ when reinforcement is delayed following a behaviour.
A)the same effect as
B)a weaker effect than
C)a stronger effect than
D)no effect

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement that immediately follows a behavior typically has a stronger effect on encouraging the desired behavior than reinforcement that is delayed. Immediate reinforcement is more closely associated with the behavior, making it easier for the individual to connect the behavior with the reward.

Question 15

Generally, punishment that immediately follows a behaviour has ____________________________ when punishment is delayed following a behaviour.
A)a stronger effect than
B)a weaker effect than
C)the same effect as
D)no effect

Accepted Answer

Punishment that immediately follows a behavior tends to have a stronger effect on reducing or eliminating that behavior compared to when punishment is delayed. Immediate consequences are more closely associated with the action, making it easier for the individual to understand the connection between their behavior and the punishment.

Question 16

While walking through the mall, a young boy sees a new pair of shoes and immediately tells his grandmother that he would like to have them. The grandma initially refuses, prompting the boy to get upset and he starts to cry. The grandma hates to see her grandson get upset, so she changes her mind and buys him the shoes. In this example, we could say that the grandma's initial refusal was _____________ and the boy's mini-tantrum was ____________.
A)the conditioned stimulus; the conditioned response
B)the consequence; the discriminative stimulus
C)classically extinguished; extinguished via operant conditioning
D)aversively punished; positively reinforced

Accepted Answer

The grandma's initial refusal acted as a form of aversive punishment for the boy's request, aiming to decrease the behavior of asking for things impulsively. However, when the boy cried and the grandma bought the shoes, his crying behavior was positively reinforced because it led to a desirable outcome (getting the shoes).

Question 17

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one, ___________ has occurred.
A)stimulus control
B)operant generalization
C)operant discrimination
D)the schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Operant generalization occurs when an operant response is given to a new, similar stimulus or situation as the original one, indicating that the behavior has generalized beyond the initial conditions to similar stimuli.

Question 18

Randy fights with his younger brother Paul over a new toy. Their parents take the toy away from the boys and the fighting decreases. Randy and Paul's parents are using _____________ to lessen the fighting.
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive punishment
D)negative punishment

Accepted Answer

Taking the toy away as a consequence of the fighting is an example of negative punishment. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Question 19

A newly diagnosed diabetic patient met with a health educator. The patient learns that consuming 3 full slices of cake every day is not a good option given the new diagnosis with diabetes. The patient reminds the health educator that eating cake is something they take pleasure in. The health educator creates a new plan for the patient that involve cutting down on the cake intake by half a slice every 2 weeks for the next 3 months. The patient agrees to the plan. This type of intervention is an example of?
A)Behavioural modification
B)Successive approximations
C)Shaping
D)Chaining

Accepted Answer

The answer of A newly diagnosed diabetic patient met with...

Question 20

One way that operant extinction and response cost punishment are similar is that they both involve _____________.
A)stimuli that signal when a consequence will follow a behaviour
B)consequences that strengthen behaviours
C)the cessation or removal of something
D)the presentation of something

Accepted Answer

The answer of One way that operant extinction and response...

Quiz 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Todd yells at his brother and takes his toy away. Todd's mom sees his behaviour and gives Todd a scolding. This is an example of _____________.

When a discriminative stimulus influences a behaviour, that behaviour _____________.

On a rainy day Sally wears rubber boots to prevent her feet from getting wet. Preventing her feet from getting wet is a _____________.

The process in which a response decreases the frequency of a behaviour by the subsequent removal of a stimulus is called _____________.

The fact that people can become more easily addicted to drugs that produce their effects quickly is most relevant to which of the following?

The use of shaping and chaining _____________.

The behavioural procedure that is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response is called _____________.

Shaping is defined as the process in which _____________.

A teenager refrains from using profanity when she is around her parents, who ground her when she swears, but when her parents aren't around, she often uses "bad language." This example demonstrates a limitation of _ because the suppression of the undesired behaviour __ to other relevant situations.

To assist Janice to stop smoking, she has made a contract with her closest friends. If anyone catches Janice smoking, she must pay that person $5.00 on the spot. This is an example of _____________.

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.

Generally, reinforcement that immediately follows a behaviour has _____________________________________ when reinforcement is delayed following a behaviour.

Generally, punishment that immediately follows a behaviour has ____________________________ when punishment is delayed following a behaviour.

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one, ___________ has occurred.

Randy fights with his younger brother Paul over a new toy. Their parents take the toy away from the boys and the fighting decreases. Randy and Paul's parents are using _____________ to lessen the fighting.

One way that operant extinction and response cost punishment are similar is that they both involve _____________.