Question 1

Children who are exposed to marital conflict have an increased likelihood of exhibiting which of the following behavioural outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Children exposed to marital conflict often model aggressive behavior they observe, leading to increased aggression in their interactions with both siblings and peers.

Question 2

Zachary always wants to play his way, or not at all, and he often breaks in on other groups of children as they are playing.He is known for fighting with other children if they won't play "his way." Based on Baumrind's research, what would be your prediction for the style of parenting that Zachary's parents exhibit?

Accepted Answer

Zachary's behavior suggests that his parents may be permissive. Permissive parenting is characterized by a high level of responsiveness but low demands. Children raised by permissive parents may lack self-discipline, as their parents set few boundaries and rules, leading to behaviors like Zachary's, where he expects others to conform to his wishes and struggles with self-regulation in social settings.

Question 3

Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of research regarding conflict in sibling relationships?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that while conflict is a normal part of sibling relationships, positive interactions are generally more frequent than negative ones.

Question 4

How do the developmental achievements of children tend to change as the number of parental marital transitions increases?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that children's developmental achievements can be negatively impacted by parental marital transitions due to factors such as inconsistent parenting and instability in the home environment.

Question 5

Consider this exchange between a parent and his or her two-year-old: "Let me help with that." Two-year-old: "I do it myself." Now consider this exchange between a parent and his or her 12-year-old child: "Where are you going?" "Out." "What are you going to do?" "Nothing." What do the determined two-year-old and the evasive 12-year-old have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both the two-year-old and the 12-year-old are demonstrating a quest for autonomy, with the younger child wanting to do things by themselves and the older child seeking independence in their actions and decisions.

Question 6

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues, what behavioural outcome is associated with the use of psychological control for discipline?

Accepted Answer

Nancy Galambos and colleagues have found that the use of psychological control for discipline is associated with negative outcomes such as anxiety and depression. This approach to discipline can undermine a child's autonomy and contribute to internalizing problems.

Question 7

Imagine that you are a preschool teacher and you suspect that your student Eric may be the victim of physical abuse.When his classmate Holly broke a classroom toy and began to cry, Eric did not respond in the same way as most of the other children.Based on this description, how did Eric respond to Holly's distress that aroused your suspicions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you are a preschool teacher...

Question 8

Adoption practices in some countries are changing from a confidential system to a more open system.Which statement best summarizes the preliminary research evidence on the presence of the birth mother in a child's life?

Accepted Answer

Preliminary research evidence suggests that adopted children who have contact or share information with their birth mothers tend to be more satisfied with their knowledge about their origins, indicating a positive aspect of open adoption practices.

Question 9

According to the research of Hildy Ross and Avigail Ram, the quickest and least negative resolutions between siblings in a play situation reflect what characteristics?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the research of Hildy Ross...

Question 10

Diya is a 14-year-old who wants to go to her first boy-girl evening party.The party will be at her best friend Elene's house but without chaperones.Diya tells her parents about the party and asks if she can go.Which type of response would be typical of Diya's permissive parents?

Accepted Answer

Permissive parents are typically lenient and may allow their children to make their own decisions, even if they have reservations.

Question 11

Which statement best characterizes the divorce rate following the 1986 amendment to the Canadian Divorce Act?

Accepted Answer

The 1986 amendment to the Canadian Divorce Act, which introduced "no-fault" divorce, led to a sudden increase in the divorce rate as it became easier to obtain a divorce. This was followed by a decline as the initial pent-up demand for divorces was satisfied.

Question 12

According to Erikson, what two aspects of parenting are important throughout childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Erikson emphasized the importance of responsiveness and control in parenting, as they help shape a child's development and ability to navigate social and emotional challenges.

Question 13

Mario is a 16-year-old who has been asked to join a student group that will be travelling to Thailand to assist with relief efforts for families that were left homeless after a recent tsunami.Mario tells his parents about the trip, provides brochures and information sheets, and asks if he can go.Which type of response would be typical of Mario's authoritarian parents?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are known for being strict, using a high level of control, and often not allowing open dialogue or negotiation with their children. They typically make decisions without considering the child's desires or opinions, as reflected in choice A.

Question 14

Samuel's parents Lise and Rachel are lesbians who were married for several years before Samuel was born.Based on this scenario, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Samuel's developmental outcomes relative to his peers?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that children of same-sex parents, including those with lesbian mothers like Samuel's, are just as likely to be cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature as their peers raised by different-sex parents. The presence or absence of parents of both genders in the household has not been found to significantly affect these aspects of development.

Question 15

Based upon current research evidence, which of the following best characterizes the development outcomes for children who are raised by LGBTQ2+ parents versus heterosexual parents?

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that children raised by LGBTQ2+ parents are just as likely to be psychologically well-adjusted as those raised by heterosexual parents. The key factors that influence a child's well-being are the quality of the parenting and the love and support they receive, rather than the sexual orientation or gender identity of their parents.

Question 16

Compared to high-SES parents, low-SES parents are more likely to have which type of parenting style?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that low-SES (Socioeconomic Status) parents are more likely to adopt an authoritarian parenting style. This style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents might impose strict rules and expect obedience without much negotiation. Factors contributing to this include stress, limited resources, and cultural values that may prioritize respect and obedience.

Question 17

According to research findings, children typically show better adjustment to a divorce when they live with which parent?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children often adjust better when living with the same-sex parent, as they may find it easier to relate to and model after them during the adjustment period following a divorce.

Question 18

Which statement best summarizes behavioural outcomes of children of divorce?

Accepted Answer

Children of divorce often carry the baggage of their parents' separation into their own adult relationships, leading to a pessimistic outlook on the success of their own marriages. This is due to the firsthand experience of marital breakdown, which can influence their beliefs and expectations about relationships.

Question 19

Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting, characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, is associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in children. This approach balances clear, high expectations with emotional support and recognition of the child's autonomy.

Question 20

What type of child abuse is most visible?

Accepted Answer

Physical abuse is the most visible type of child abuse because it often leaves marks or injuries that can be seen, unlike psychological, sexual abuse, or neglect, which are more hidden.

Quiz 16: The Family