Question 1

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding preschoolers' awareness of the psychological characteristics of others?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that preschoolers do possess an awareness of the psychological characteristics of others, though they may not always show this knowledge in every situation. This understanding is part of their developing social cognition, which allows them to navigate social interactions more effectively.

Question 2

During which phase of achievement do children expect disapproval following failures?

Accepted Answer

During the approval-seeking phase, children are particularly sensitive to the approval or disapproval of others, especially following failures. They expect disapproval from others when they fail, as their sense of achievement is closely tied to external validation.

Question 3

You are having dinner with your friend.When you arrive, his daughter Brianne runs up and tells you proudly that she is a "big girl." According to most developmentalists, what accounts for Brianne's self-categorical statement?

Accepted Answer

Brianne's statement indicates she has developed an awareness of her categorical self, which involves recognizing oneself as fitting into certain categories such as age, gender, or size. This is a key aspect of self-awareness in early childhood development.

Question 4

Griffin just looked in the mirror and saw a spot on the nose of his image.If Griffin is 2 years old, how will he react?

Accepted Answer

At 2 years old, children typically start to recognize themselves in the mirror and may attempt to rub the spot on their own nose, indicating self-awareness.

Question 5

Recent research has identified bullying as a significant contributor to self-esteem.How high is student victimization thought to be?

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that student victimization rates due to bullying can range from 10 to 33 percent. This wide range accounts for variations in bullying definitions, reporting methods, and study populations.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding Canadian research on self-esteem is accurate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements regarding Canadian...

Question 7

Anita just looked in the mirror and saw a smudge of dirt on her cheek.If Anita is 8 months of age, what is her most likely reaction?

Accepted Answer

At 8 months of age, babies begin to recognize themselves in mirrors but do not yet understand that the reflection is actually them. They might try to interact with their reflection as if it were another child, hence Anita is likely to try to rub the smudge off her cheek on the mirror, not realizing the reflection is her own.

Question 8

Secure attachment is related to self-awareness, as shown by which of the following accurately reported findings from research?

Accepted Answer

Securely attached children tend to develop a more complex awareness of themselves and their relationships, including their mothers, compared to children with insecure attachments. This is consistent with attachment theory, which suggests that secure attachment provides a foundation for the development of self-awareness and understanding of relationships.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about cross-cultural variance in the development of self-concept is accurate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about cross-cultural...

Question 10

Who proposed a hierarchical model of childhood self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Susan Harter proposed a hierarchical model of childhood self-esteem, which suggests that children's self-esteem is constructed from their perceived competence in areas that are important to them and that this perception is influenced by feedback from their environment.

Question 11

Which of the following teacher comments would be most likely to encourage a child to exert more effort on a task rather than to give up?

Accepted Answer

This comment suggests that the child can improve with more effort and time, promoting a growth mindset.

Question 12

What did Cheng and Kwan (2008) find when they reported differences between collectivist and individualistic types of attachment and self-worth?

Accepted Answer

Collectivists tend to prioritize group harmony and interdependence, so they may be more likely to seek validation and support from their family and community.

Question 13

According to most developmentalists, what aspect of an individual's achievement motivation is determined by the stability dimension?

Accepted Answer

The stability dimension in achievement motivation refers to an individual's expectations for success or failure, as it involves the belief about whether causes of success or failure are stable (unchanging) or unstable (variable) over time.

Question 14

Suppose you overheard the following piece of gossip: "Jude never gets a second date with anyone because he is totally clueless about others' thoughts, needs, or wants." Based on this description, what do others see Jude as being deficient in?

Accepted Answer

Person perception refers to the process of forming impressions of others, including understanding their thoughts, needs, or wants. Jude's inability to get a second date due to being clueless about others' thoughts, needs, or wants suggests a deficiency in person perception.

Question 15

Naadir feels proud that he can help to fix things around the house and tutor his brother in math.What is Naadir's pride in his skills called?

Accepted Answer

Naadir's pride in his skills is related to his self-esteem, which is how he values and perceives his own abilities and worth.

Question 16

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding social competency?

Accepted Answer

Social competency significantly contributes to global self-esteem by influencing how individuals perceive themselves in social contexts and their overall sense of worth and confidence.

Question 17

Which of the following adult comments would most likely result in children persisting at a task even though they are making errors?

Accepted Answer

Focusing on improvement and acknowledging errors as part of the learning process encourages persistence by framing mistakes as opportunities for growth, rather than failures.

Question 18

Maite is concerned with how he compares to others in his peer group.For example, he is always trying to kick a ball farther than his friends, and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as his classmates.Based on this information, what grade level of schooling is Maite in?

Accepted Answer

Maite's behavior is indicative of early elementary school students, typically in grades 1-3, where children start to become more aware of their peers and begin comparing their abilities and achievements with those of their classmates.

Question 19

According to the research of Berndt and Perry, when adolescents reach stage 3 or 4 of Selman's stages of social perspective taking, their notions of friendship change.At this point, what do adolescents believe is an important aspect of friendship?

Accepted Answer

At stages 3 and 4 of Selman's social perspective taking, adolescents start valuing the exchange of intimate thoughts and feelings as an important aspect of friendship, reflecting a deeper understanding of mutual empathy and emotional connection.

Question 20

In contrast to children who are raised in individualistic societies, children raised in collectivist societies tend to have self-concepts centred on which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Children raised in collectivist societies tend to have self-concepts that are more centered on relationships with others, reflecting the societal emphasis on community and interdependence.

Quiz 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition