Question 1

The levels-of-processing model, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, assumes that the rate of forgetting is determined by

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing model by Craik and Lockhart suggests that the depth of processing (how the item is encoded) affects memory retention, rather than the location of the item in memory (STM or LTM) or the number of rehearsals.

Question 2

Noice's (1991) study of actors reveals that

Accepted Answer

Noice's study found that actors often use deep processing techniques, such as analyzing their character and relationships with other characters, to memorize their lines, rather than relying on rote rehearsal. This method helps in creating meaningful connections, making memorization more effective.

Question 3

According to Craik and Lockhart, the reason rehearsal often results in learning is that

Accepted Answer

Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing theory suggests that the depth of processing affects memory recall. Rehearsal leads to learning primarily because it often involves considering the meaning of the material, which is a deeper level of processing.

Question 4

Why did Craik and Lockhart question the distinction between Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory?

Accepted Answer

Craik and Lockhart questioned the distinction between Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM) because they believed that the process of memory storage is more about the depth of processing (how meaningfully information is processed) rather than being strictly divided into STM and LTM. They suggested that factors such as the meaningful relation of words (A), the sensitivity of STM to different types of representations (B), and the variability in decay rates depending on the information (C) all indicate that memory cannot be simply categorized into STM and LTM based on duration and capacity alone. Their work led to the development of the Levels of Processing framework, which focuses on the depth of processing as a determinant of memory retention.

Question 5

A memory code is

Accepted Answer

A memory code is a representation for storing items in memory, such as the sound of a word or a visual image, which helps in encoding and retrieving information.

Question 6

Which one of the incidental learning groups in the Hyde and Jenkins experiment recalled as many words as the recall group (who knew they were in a learning experiment)?

Accepted Answer

In the Hyde and Jenkins experiment, the group of subjects who judged the pleasantness of the words recalled as many words as the recall group. This finding suggests that the depth of processing (in this case, semantic processing involved in judging pleasantness) has a significant impact on memory recall, even without explicit intent to memorize.

Question 7

In many memory studies, instead of asking a participant to learn things, they are asked to make judgments about those things.

Accepted Answer

Orienting tasks are used in memory studies to control the type of memory codes that participants form, guiding attention to specific aspects of the material to be remembered.

Question 8

Orienting tasks are often used in memory studies because

Accepted Answer

Orienting tasks are used to control the type of memory code (e.g., semantic, phonetic) that subjects form, which helps researchers understand how different types of processing affect memory.

Question 9

Which of the following is not true with regard to levels of processing?

Accepted Answer

The levels of processing framework suggests that semantic analysis (deep processing) leads to more durable memory traces than physical feature analysis (shallow processing). Therefore, the statement that physical feature analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay is not true.

Question 10

The phonemic level of processing is encouraged by asking people whether a word

Accepted Answer

Phonemic processing involves focusing on the sound structure of words. Asking whether a word rhymes with another word encourages listeners or readers to think about the sounds of the words, thus engaging in phonemic processing.

Question 11

Elaboration is easiest at which level of processing?

Accepted Answer

Elaboration is easiest at the semantic level of processing because this involves understanding the meaning of the information, which allows for deeper processing and better memory retention.

Question 12

In the Craik and Tulving (1975) study where the time spent processing the information was varied, the results indicate

Accepted Answer

Time spent processing was found to be less predictive of recall than the level of processing, with deeper levels of processing leading to better recall regardless of the time spent.

Question 13

Patient PV, who had an impaired STM, was unable to learn any responses in a paired-associates task when she had to rely entirely on

Accepted Answer

Patient PV's impaired short-term memory (STM) affected her ability to use phonemic codes, which are crucial for tasks involving verbal information, such as paired-associates learning.

Question 14

The results of Craik and Tulving's experiments supported the prediction that retention would progressively decrease as levels of processing changed from the ____ to the ____ to the ____ level.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The results of Craik and Tulving's experiments...

Question 15

According to the levels-of-processing theory, preliminary processing is

Accepted Answer

Preliminary processing is structural, meaning that it focuses on the physical characteristics of the stimulus, such as its shape, color, and sound.

Question 16

What were the major criticisms of Levels of Processing theory?

Accepted Answer

The major criticism of the Levels of Processing theory is that it lacked independent measures of processing depth, making it difficult to predict outcomes without post-hoc explanations.

Question 17

The principal factor that influences the effectiveness of elaboration is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principal factor that influences the effectiveness...

Question 18

Subjects in the Craik and Watkins experiment were required to maintain a word in STM in order to report the last word on a list that began with a specified letter. The results indicated that the amount of rehearsal

Accepted Answer

The Craik and Watkins experiment found that the amount of rehearsal did not influence retrieval from long-term memory (LTM), suggesting that mere repetition or maintenance rehearsal was not enough for semantic processing or for transferring information into LTM. This implies that the depth of processing (i.e., the meaningful processing of information) is more important for memory than the amount of rehearsal.

Question 19

An orienting task is

Accepted Answer

An orienting task is designed to influence the type of cognitive processing a subject uses when encoding new information, thereby affecting how the information is stored in memory.

Question 20

The structural level of processing is encouraged by asking people whether a word

Accepted Answer

The structural level of processing, according to the levels of processing theory, involves the shallowest form of cognitive processing, which focuses on the physical and sensory aspects of a stimulus. Asking whether a word is printed in upper- or lower-case letters encourages attention to the physical form of the word, thus engaging structural processing.

Quiz 6: Memory Codes