Question 1

Attachment theory was originally proposed by John Bowlby, a British psychiatrist trained in the

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's attachment theory has its roots in psychoanalytical theory, specifically in the work of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein. Bowlby's ideas also drew on the work of ethologists, such as Konrad Lorenz, who studied animal behavior in natural settings. However, Bowlby's primary training and background was in psychoanalysis.

Question 2

The best analogy for the attachment an infant has for a mother or primary caregiver is

Accepted Answer

The attachment an infant has for a mother or primary caregiver is often described as an invisible thread because it is an emotional bond that connects the two individuals even if they are physically apart. This analogy captures the idea that the attachment is not only strong but also flexible and adaptable to different situations. In contrast, the other options (B, C, and D) all have negative connotations that do not accurately reflect the positive and nurturing nature of the attachment relationship.

Question 3

For infants living in orphanages or those who had to spend a significant amount of time in hospitals because of health problems during the second half of the 19^th century and the first half of the 20^th century, death rates within their first year usually exceeded

Accepted Answer

Infants living in orphanages or hospitals during this time period often suffered from poor nutrition and lack of medical care, leading to high mortality rates. A mortality rate of 50% or higher was not uncommon in these settings.

Question 4

Evidence from which emerging field caused Bowlby to see that infant-mother attachment was important not just for humans but for many species?

Accepted Answer

Bowlby was influenced by the emerging field of ethology, which emphasized the importance of studying animals in their natural environments to understand behavior, including attachment patterns. Through his observations of animal behavior, Bowlby saw that infant-mother attachment was not unique to humans, but was a universal phenomenon in many species.

Question 5

The attraction of mothers toward their children is called ___

Accepted Answer

The attraction of mothers toward their children is called bonding. Bonding is a natural process that occurs immediately after birth where the mother and infant develop a strong emotional connection. Attachment refers to the ongoing process of emotional connection and bonding between a parent and child, which starts during infancy and develops over time. Natural parenting and attachment-in-the-making are not commonly used terms in psychology or child development.

Question 6

All of the following are hypotheses of Bowlby's related to attachment except

Accepted Answer

All of the other options (A, B, and C) are hypotheses put forth by Bowlby related to attachment.

Question 7

Spitz identified an almost irreversible and deathly syndrome in children who were separated from their mothers or other significant caregivers for periods longer than 5 months during their first year of life and called it

Accepted Answer

Spitz identified this syndrome as "hospitalism," which he described as a pathological state resulting from prolonged hospitalization or institutionalization of infants and young children, especially when deprived of maternal care.

Question 8

It is possible that infants' attachment to their mothers developed as a means to protect them from all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Infants' attachment to their mothers is primarily a mechanism for protection from external threats like predators and unfamiliar individuals, not from their fathers, who are typically part of the protective family unit.

Question 9

Infants become wary of unfamiliar adults and often seek security in their mother's (or other attachment figure's) arms when they are about

Accepted Answer

Infants typically start to show wariness of unfamiliar adults and seek security from a known attachment figure around 8 months old. This behavior is part of the normal development of attachment and stranger anxiety.

Question 10

Spitz's studies showed that staff-reared infants

Accepted Answer

Spitz's studies showed that staff-reared infants showed significant signs of impairment for all aspects of psychological development, including physical development, cognitive development, social-emotional development, and language development. Thus, option A is the best choice.

Question 11

Bowlby's initial ideas about attachment were influenced all of the following sources except

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth and colleagues' assessment of quality of attachment in young children actually influenced Bowlby's initial ideas about attachment. The other options were all sources of inspiration for Bowlby's ideas.

Question 12

Behaviorist Watson proposed all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Watson proposed that limited parental affection could be helpful in promoting independence and self-sufficiency in children. However, he did not suggest that it was necessary or ideal for proper development, and in fact believed that parental love and attention were important for providing a sense of security and trust in the child's relationships with others.

Question 13

Which theory would explain that infants love their mothers because their others feed them?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theory would explain that infants love...

Question 14

People's assessments of children's "cuteness" vary with those persons'

Accepted Answer

People's assessments of children's "cuteness" vary with their age. For example, grandparents may find their grandchildren extremely cute, while teenagers may find young children annoying or uninteresting. Age can affect people's perceptions of children's behaviors and appearances, which can influence their ideas of what is cute or not. Gender, interest in being parents, and number of siblings may also play a role in people's assessments of children, but age is the most important factor.

Question 15

During his studies on imprinting in precocial birds, Lorenz noticed that in many species, including humans, infants' immature features trigger

Accepted Answer

Lorenz observed that the immature features of infants trigger caretaker behavior, which is an instinctive response to care for and nurture the young.

Question 16

Changes did substantially reduce the death rates mentioned in the previous questions, but many infants were still dying and showing extreme emotional distress as a result of

Accepted Answer

Psychological isolation in infants, particularly those in institutional settings without adequate social interaction and emotional bonding, can lead to severe emotional distress and even contribute to higher mortality rates, known as "failure to thrive."

Question 17

Spittz's findings were in the line with Bowlby's own clinical studies the lack of significant primary relationships for

Accepted Answer

The answer of Spittz's findings were in the line with...

Question 18

Infants feel separation distress when

Accepted Answer

Separation distress is the anxiety and distress felt by infants when separated from their primary caregiver, who is usually their mother. Therefore, the correct answer is when "their mother disappears for a time".

Question 19

The death rate for infants living in orphanages or those who had to spend a significant amount of time in hospitals because of health problems was attributed to

Accepted Answer

Unsantitary conditions can lead to the spread of infectious diseases and illnesses, which can be especially dangerous for vulnerable infants.

Question 20

In Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys, infant monkeys showed

Accepted Answer

In Harlow's experiments, infant monkeys were given a choice between two surrogate mothers, one made of wire mesh and the other covered in soft terrycloth. Although the wire mother provided food, the baby monkeys spent more time clinging to the cloth mother, demonstrating a preference for the comfort of physical contact over the necessity of food.

Quiz 12: Attachment and Early Parent-Child Care