Question 1

Truthtellers tend to ________________________; while lying individuals tend to __________________________.

Accepted Answer

Truthtellers often provide longer answers and may forget certain details due to the natural flow of conversation, while liars tend to make more speech errors and speak in a higher-pitched voice due to the stress and cognitive load of fabricating a story.

Question 2

A suspect is attached to the lie-detector apparatus and asked questions about the crime.The questions deal with aspects of the crime only known by the police and the actual law-breaker.Which procedure is this?

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is the concealed knowledge test (also known as the guilty knowledge test), which involves asking questions that only someone with knowledge of the crime would be able to answer correctly. This is different from the relevant/irrelevant procedure, which uses a mix of relevant and irrelevant questions to detect deception, and the psychological stress evaluator, which measures physiological responses to determine if someone is lying. The lie-control test is not a valid or reliable method of detecting deception.

Question 3

At least one study has found that brain fingerprinting is ____________ accurate in distinguishing liars from truth-tellers under optimal laboratory conditions.

Accepted Answer

According to the information given, brain fingerprinting is "highly accurate" in distinguishing liars from truth-tellers under optimal laboratory conditions. The only answer choice that reflects this is D, which indicates 85-95% accuracy.

Question 4

Tony, currently a murder suspect, is undergoing a test in which the electrical activity in his brain is accessed.The doctor is checking to see if Tony's P300 wave reveals that Tony has details of the murder in his memory.What kind of test is Tony undergoing?

Accepted Answer

Brain fingerprinting is a test that uses EEG (electroencephalogram) to measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to specific stimuli, such as words or images related to a crime. The P300 wave is a specific component of the EEG that occurs in response to rare or significant stimuli, and it can be used to determine if the individual has knowledge of the crime. Therefore, Tony's test is most likely brain fingerprinting. Psychological stress evaluator, fMRI, and PET scan are not typically used in brain fingerprinting.

Question 5

Which of the following is usually not measured in a polygraph examination?

Accepted Answer

While salivary response can be measured in some types of lie detector tests, it is not typically measured in a polygraph examination. The primary physiological measurements taken in a polygraph examination include blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate.

Question 6

In their meta-analysis, Bond and DePaulo (2006) found that people correctly detect deception

Accepted Answer

Bond and DePaulo (2006) found that people correctly detect deception at about 54% accuracy, which is about chance level. Therefore, the best choice is D - about 50% of the time.

Question 7

According to the Supreme Court's ruling in J.D.B.v.North Carolina, judges should consider a juvenile's __________ when considering whether s/he understood s/he was ______________ and deserved to be read his/her Miranda rights.

Accepted Answer

According to the Supreme Court's ruling in J.D.B.v.North Carolina, judges should consider a juvenile's chronological age when considering whether they understood they were in custody and deserved to be read their Miranda rights. Mental age is not a factor as it can vary greatly and is not always easily determined.

Question 8

Asking subjects to recall a series of events in reverse chronological order and requiring them to determine whether a figure that reappears on a computer screen is similar to a figure seen earlier would likely be part of

Accepted Answer

Asking subjects to recall events in reverse chronological order and testing their working memory with a figure similarity task are both components of a cognitive load interview, which is used to detect deception by increasing the cognitive load of the subject. These techniques are not typically part of a polygraph test, and while they may be used as part of an effort to discriminate liars from truthtellers, the primary purpose is to increase cognitive load and potentially elicit deceptive behavior.

Question 9

In United States v.Scheffer (1998), the U.S.Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of

Accepted Answer

The case United States v. Scheffer (1998) dealt specifically with the admissibility of polygraph results and opinions in military courts-martial. The Supreme Court upheld a military rule of evidence which declares that polygraph results and opinions shall not be admitted into evidence. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

Question 10

If a polygraph examiner asks a subject, "Did you ever steal anything?" the examiner is administering what type of polygraph test?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a polygraph examiner asks a subject,...

Question 11

Some have argued that the use of brain-based technology to detect deception in suspects or witnesses constitutes a violation of one's ______________ right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.

Accepted Answer

The 4th Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. The use of brain-based technology to detect deception may be considered a search or seizure, as it involves the government collecting information from an individual's brain without their consent. Therefore, it could infringe upon their 4th Amendment rights.

Question 12

Physiological measures, by themselves, can distinguish between guilt and which of the following negative emotions?

Accepted Answer

Physiological measures cannot distinguish between guilt and fear or anger. Both emotions can elicit similar physiological responses such as increased heart rate and elevated cortisol levels. Therefore, additional information such as self-report or behavioral measures are needed to differentiate between these emotions.

Question 13

What are some concerns about the use of polygraphs?

Accepted Answer

Polygraphs cannot distinguish between fear or nervousness, which can lead to inaccurate results. Additionally, there is a lack of professional standards and standardized questioning methods among polygraph examiners. These concerns have led to the criticism that polygraph tests are not reliable or valid.

Question 14

In Jackson v.Denno (1964) the U.S.Supreme Court held that those accused of a crime are entitled to a pretrial hearing in which the fact-finder (usually the judge) decides whether any confession the defendant has made was

Accepted Answer

Jackson v. Denno established that the pretrial hearing should determine whether the confession was voluntarily given or resulted from either physical or psychological coercion. Therefore, all answer choices are correct.

Question 15

The ancient Hindus had suspects chew rice as part of a test of their innocence.For the Hindus, what indicated innocence in this test?

Accepted Answer

The innocent person was able to chew the rice and then spit it out.The ancient Hindus believed that the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, would be activated in guilty individuals, causing their mouths to become dry and making it difficult for them to chew and spit out the rice.

Question 16

In one recent study that attempted to utilize fMRI to detect deception, Mohamed and colleagues (2006) found that

Accepted Answer

Lying participants demonstrated more activation in areas of the brain involved in planning and higher-level executive functioning, indicating that deception requires more cognitive resources.

Question 17

Bert committed a crime, and is currently undergoing a polygraph test.He is trying some countermeasures that he read about on the Internet, and he is hoping that, with the help of these countermeasures (e.g., controlled breathing), he will be able to fool the polygraph examiner.If he succeeds in fooling the examiner, he could be said to be a

Accepted Answer

A false negative in the context of a polygraph test occurs when the test fails to detect that someone is lying or concealing the truth. If Bert successfully fools the examiner with countermeasures, the polygraph would incorrectly indicate that he is telling the truth, even though he is not, making him a false negative.

Question 18

One recent study which involved the review of recorded interrogations of juvenile suspects found that _______ of juveniles waived their Miranda rights.

Accepted Answer

90% of juveniles waived their Miranda rights, according to the study.

Question 19

According to Chapter 7, the polygraph has an overall accuracy rate of ________ or better.

Accepted Answer

According to Chapter 7, the polygraph has an overall accuracy rate of 65% or better.

Question 20

A polygraph shows that Ken is guilty of murder, when in fact he is innocent.This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A false positive result occurs when the test indicates that the person is guilty when they are actually innocent.

Quiz 7: Evaluating Criminal Suspects

Truthtellers tend to ; while lying individuals tend to __.