Question 1

The breakdown of __________ seems to be responsible for the impaired ability to form new memories.
A) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hypothalamus
B) leptin in the pancreas
C) serotonin in the amygdala
D) acetylcholine in the hippocampus

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is essential for the formation of new memories. The breakdown of acetylcholine in the hippocampus is known to impair the ability to form new memories.

Question 2

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer __________.
A) pay attention to specific stimuli
B) retrieve memories
C) form new memories
D) make sense of memories

Accepted Answer

H.M. had the hippocampus removed from his brain in an attempt to treat epilepsy. This caused him to lose the ability to form new memories, although he retained memories from before the surgery.

Question 3

Max, age 35, is severely depressed. Because of this, he is given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Which is the most likely behavior pattern?
A) Max does not remember that he has a TV.
B) Max does not remember any episodes of shows going back 25 years.
C) Max thinks that last year's episodes of his favorite series are new.
D) Max can no longer understand long sentences if they occur in the dialogue.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of cognitive side effects of ECT, specifically memory loss and confusion. Option C describes a type of memory loss called confabulation, where the patient creates false memories to fill in gaps in their memory. Option A is unlikely because forgetting that he has a TV would be a very severe memory loss. Option B is unlikely because it is unlikely that ECT would affect such distant memories. Option D is unlikely because understanding long sentences is not typically affected by ECT.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of infantile amnesia?
A) Ashley, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5 years old.
B) Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.
C) When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides.
D) Despite the fact that Alicia, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has very little ability to do so now.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall events from early childhood, typically before age 3. Option B is the only example of a missing memory from early childhood, which is characteristic of infantile amnesia. Option A and D are not examples of infantile amnesia, as they involve memories from ages beyond the typical period of infantile amnesia. Option C is not related to infantile amnesia.

Question 5

Professionals using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients suffering from severe depression have shown that the memory processes of consolidation __________.
A) only take a short time
B) may take months to return
C) can be temporarily disrupted
D) may take weeks to return

Accepted Answer

Professionals using ECT for severe depression have found that the memory processes of consolidation can be temporarily disrupted, meaning that the ability to form new memories may be impaired for a short period after treatment. This effect is usually temporary and dissipates within weeks.

Question 6

The __________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.
A) cerebellum
B) prefrontal lobe of the cortex
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for the formation and storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost. The cerebellum plays a role in motor control and coordination, the prefrontal lobe of the cortex is important for decision-making and social behavior, and the amygdala is involved in processing emotions and fear responses.

Question 7

Alzheimer's disease accounts for nearly __________ percent of all dementia cases in the United States.
A) 50-70
B) 60-80
C) 75-80
D) 80-85

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60-80 percent of cases in the United States.

Question 8

A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his __________.
A) cortex and medulla
B) cerebellum and pons
C) hippocampi
D) hypothalamus and thalamus

Accepted Answer

H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampi. The hippocampi are crucial for the formation of new long-term memories.

Question 9

When a person's __________ is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results.
A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal lobe
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a region of the brain responsible for the formation of new memories. Damage or removal of this region can result in anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to form new memories. The prefrontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making, but damage to this area may not necessarily result in anterograde amnesia. The amygdala is involved in processing emotions and the cerebellum plays a role in motor coordination, neither of which are directly related to the formation of new memories.

Question 10

A patient's chart indicates that she just had surgery to remove her hippocampi as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?
A) She will not be able to process colors.
B) She will have problems experiencing hunger.
C) She will not be able to remember new information.
D) She will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of new memories, so the removal of the hippocampi would result in the patient having difficulty remembering new information. A and B are incorrect because the hippocampus is not responsible for processing colors or hunger. D is incorrect as well because the ability to perform tasks such as block designs is primarily controlled by other areas of the brain, such as the parietal lobe.

Question 11

Which of the following is the proper sequence of symptom development in most cases of Alzheimer's disease?
A) anterograde amnesia followed by retrograde amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia followed by proactive amnesia
C) retroactive amnesia followed by anterograde amnesia
D) retrograde amnesia followed by anterograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease typically begins with anterograde amnesia, where the ability to form new memories is impaired, followed by retrograde amnesia, where the loss of pre-existing memories occurs.

Question 12

The memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story is called __________ memory.
A) autobiographical
B) interferent
C) declarative
D) nondeclarative

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory refers to the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story, including episodic memory (memory for specific events) and semantic memory (general knowledge about one's life). Interferent and nondeclarative memory are not related to personal life events, while declarative memory refers to the ability to consciously recall information regardless of whether it is related to personal experiences.

Question 13

Max, age 35, is severely depressed. Because of this, he is given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Max thinks that last year's episodes of his favorite series are new. Max is showing signs of __________.
A) anterograde amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia
C) childhood amnesia
D) senile dementia

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is characterized by the loss of pre-existing memories to some extent, which explains why Max thinks last year's episodes are new; he has forgotten that he has already seen them.

Question 14

Santiago is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Santiago's stroke?
A) his amygdala
B) his hypothalamus
C) his hippocampus
D) his cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a brain structure that plays a critical role in spatial navigation and memory, specifically in forming and retrieving memories of spatial locations. Damage to the hippocampus can result in deficits in spatial memory and navigation, which could explain Santiago's difficulty in finding his doctor's office using a specific route.

Question 15

If __________ amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, __________ amnesia is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored.
A) anterograde; retrograde
B) retrograde; anterograde
C) adolescent; conductive
D) procedural; implicit

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia, while anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia. The analogy given in the question suggests that the first blank represents retrograde amnesia (losing previously saved information), and the second blank represents anterograde amnesia (failing to save new information). Therefore, the best choice is B, retrograde for the first blank and anterograde for the second blank.

Question 16

Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called __________.
A) anterograde amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia
C) consolidation
D) infantile amnesia

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward, while retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory before the injury or illness. Consolidation refers to the process by which memories become stable and are moved from short-term to long-term memory storage. Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall early childhood memories.

Question 17

Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as __________.
A) mild is to severe
B) severe is to mild
C) remembering old is to learning new
D) remembering new is to learning old

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia involves difficulty in recalling past memories, while anterograde amnesia involves difficulty in forming new memories.

Question 18

People with Alzheimer's disease typically have a memory problem known as __________ amnesia.
A) amygdaloid
B) inferograde
C) retrograde
D) anterograde

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by an inability to form new memories or recall recently learned information, which is commonly seen in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Retrograde amnesia, on the other hand, involves difficulty remembering events that occurred in the past, while amygdaloid and inferograde amnesia are not common types of amnesia associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Question 19

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could __________.
A) no longer form new implicit memories
B) read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he had read it before
C) not form procedural memories
D) not recognize his wife's face

Accepted Answer

H. M. could not form new explicit memories, such as remembering reading a magazine, but he retained the ability to form some types of implicit memories, like procedural memories.

Question 20

The case of H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the __________ is important in storing new long-term memories.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobe
D) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

H. M. underwent surgery to remove his hippocampus to control his seizures, which resulted in severe amnesia. This provided evidence that the hippocampus is important in storing new long-term memories.

Quiz 6: Memory

The breakdown of __________ seems to be responsible for the impaired ability to form new memories.

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer __________.

Max, age 35, is severely depressed. Because of this, he is given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) . After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Which is the most likely behavior pattern?

Which of the following is an example of infantile amnesia?

Professionals using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients suffering from severe depression have shown that the memory processes of consolidation __________.

The __________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.

Alzheimer's disease accounts for nearly __________ percent of all dementia cases in the United States.

A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his __________.

When a person's __________ is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results.

A patient's chart indicates that she just had surgery to remove her hippocampi as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?

Which of the following is the proper sequence of symptom development in most cases of Alzheimer's disease?

The memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story is called __________ memory.

Santiago is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Santiago's stroke?

If amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, amnesia is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored.

Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called __________.

Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as __________.

People with Alzheimer's disease typically have a memory problem known as __________ amnesia.

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could __________.

The case of H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the __________ is important in storing new long-term memories.