Question 1

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the natural, unlearned reaction to a stimulus, which in Pavlov's experiment was the dogs' salivation in response to the meat.

Question 2

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. In this experiment, the meat was the unconditioned stimulus as it naturally triggers the response of salivation in dogs.

Question 3

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called __________.
A) knowledge
B) intelligence
C) learning
D) performance

Accepted Answer

Learning is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge. While knowledge and intelligence are related to learning, they do not specifically refer to the process of a behavior or skill being modified or acquired through experience. Performance refers to the actual execution of a behavior, but does not necessarily imply a permanent change.

Question 4

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A) unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B) conditioned response and unconditioned response
C) neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally elicits an unconditioned response. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, which elicits a conditioned response. Therefore, option C of neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur.

Question 5

We associate the name of __________ most closely with classical conditioning.
A) B. F. Skinner
B) Robert Rescorla
C) Albert Bandura
D) Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments on dogs involving the association of a stimulus (such as a bell) with a natural response (such as salivating in response to food). This led to the development of classical conditioning theory.

Question 6

Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what learned helplessness is and describe...

Question 7

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

The ringing of the bell was the conditioned stimulus because it was a neutral stimulus that, through association with the unconditioned stimulus (meat), came to elicit a conditioned response (salivation).

Question 8

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.
A) acquisition of motivation
B) relatively permanent behavior change
C) amplification of sensory stimuli
D) delayed genetic behavioral contributions

Accepted Answer

Learning is the process by which experience results in relatively permanent behavior change. Option A is not a direct result of learning. Option C is not specifically related to learning. Option D seems irrelevant to the question.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of learning?
A) The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
B) A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
C) Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
D) A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.

Accepted Answer

Option D is the only example that involves a change in behavior as a result of experience or exposure to a new situation, which is the essence of learning. Options A and B describe natural biological processes unrelated to learning, while Option C describes a physical reaction rather than a learned behavior.

Question 10

Think about our prison systems. Many folks think the role of the prison system is to punish people who break the law, and that we should have more prisons to punish more people. But let's look at what happens to the average burglar. If (s)he is caught, (s)he will probably not go to trial for a year or two, and then is likely to get probation or a light sentence. If (s)he does go to prison, (s)he is unlikely to learn any useful skills and will meet other criminals who will probably not be good role models. Additionally, (s)he may not end up serving his or her entire sentence due to overcrowded conditions in prisons. Given what you know about operant learning principles, reinforcement, and punishment, critique the way our current prison system works and suggest some better ideas. Be sure to be specific about the principles that you have learned from our text.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think about our prison systems. Many folks...

Question 11

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the UNCONDITIONED response is the __________.
A) increased heartbeat
B) piece of music
C) sound of the buzzer
D) listening to the music

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the automatic or reflexive response that occurs without any prior learning or conditioning. In this scenario, the subject's increased heartbeat when he hears the certain piece of music is the unconditioned response. The buzzer is a neutral stimulus that is paired with the music in order to eventually create a conditioned response.

Question 12

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Accepted Answer

Salivation to the sound of the bell was a learned response that occurred as a result of the conditioning process, therefore it is a conditioned response.

Question 13

Give an example of each of the four schedules of partial reinforcement, and comment on which schedule would be most likely to result in lasting behavioral change.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give an example of each of the...

Question 14

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the __________ and salivation was the __________.
A) UCR; UCS
B) UCS; UCR
C) CS; CR
D) CR; CS

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR). In this case, the meat powder (UCS) caused the dog to salivate (UCR). Over time, the dog learned to associate a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with the meat powder and began to salivate (the now conditioned response, or CR) at the sound of the bell (now a conditioned stimulus, or CS). However, in the scenario given, the meat powder is the UCS and the salivation is the UCR, making B the correct choice.

Question 15

After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory overseas as an industrial psychologist. The workers put together iPads. The boss wants to know the best pay schedule to get the maximum number of pieces made by his workers. The boss wants you to describe various schedules of payment to him and tell which might be best for the plant. Using the principles of operant conditioning, describe the various pay schedules and decide which one would be the best to meet his goal of maximizing production.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After graduating from college, you are hired...

Question 16

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is __________.
A) motivation
B) cognitive dissonance
C) integration
D) conditioning

Accepted Answer

Conditioning involves learning specific patterns of behaviors in response to well-defined stimuli through classical or operant conditioning. Motivation refers to the drive or desire to engage in a behavior, cognitive dissonance is a psychological discomfort that arises from conflicting beliefs or values, and integration refers to combining different aspects or elements into a coherent whole.

Question 17

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is the __________.
A) act of eating breakfast
B) act of eating lunch
C) counting of the number of hours since breakfast
D) watching of the hands of the clock

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the act of eating lunch when the hands of the clock are on the 12, indicating noontime. This response has been conditioned to occur based on the time of day, rather than actual hunger cues.

Question 18

Classical conditioning was discovered by __________.
A) Pavlov
B) Watson
C) Thorndike
D) Skinner

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his famous experiments with dogs, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904.

Question 19

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
A) vicarious learning
B) the law of effect
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most well-known for his experiments on classical conditioning, where he demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell through repeated pairings with the presentation of food.

Question 20

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.
A) learning
B) intelligence formation
C) imprinting
D) cognition

Accepted Answer

Learning is the only option that specifically refers to the process of behavior change resulting from experience or practice. Intelligence formation refers to the development of general cognitive abilities, imprinting refers to a specific type of learning in which an animal forms an immediate attachment to the first object it encounters after birth, and cognition refers to mental processes like perception, reasoning, and memory, but not necessarily behavior change.

Quiz 5: Learning

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the __________.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________.

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called __________.

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

We associate the name of __________ most closely with classical conditioning.

Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________.

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

Which of the following is an example of learning?

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the __________.

Give an example of each of the four schedules of partial reinforcement, and comment on which schedule would be most likely to result in lasting behavioral change.

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the and salivation was the .

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is __________.

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is the __________.

Classical conditioning was discovered by __________.

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.