Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding bacterial and viral evolution. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. FFFT.
( ) Bacteria that reside in natural soil that has not been deliberately exposed to antibiotics are normally sensitive to any antibiotic.
( ) Whereas bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens evade the immune response mainly by genetic recombination, antigenic variation in most viruses occurs by error-prone replication mechanisms.
( ) If an antibiotic targets a vital bacterial protein that cannot be altered in any way to become antibiotic-resistant and functional at the same time, the bacteria would never develop resistance to the antibiotic.
( ) It is impossible to develop effective vaccines against viral infections, since viruses evolve very rapidly.

Question

Indicate true (T) and false (F) statements below regarding bacterial and viral evolution. Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters T and F only, e.g. FFFT.
( )	Bacteria that reside in natural soil that has not been deliberately exposed to antibiotics are normally sensitive to any antibiotic.
( )	Whereas bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens evade the immune response mainly by genetic recombination, antigenic variation in most viruses occurs by error-prone replication mechanisms.
( )	If an antibiotic targets a vital bacterial protein that cannot be altered in any way to become antibiotic-resistant and functional at the same time, the bacteria would never develop resistance to the antibiotic.
( )	It is impossible to develop effective vaccines against viral infections, since viruses evolve very rapidly.

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Even bacteria taken from natural soil are typically already resistant to a number of antibiotics widely used in clinical practice. Altering the critical enzyme that is targeted by an antibiotic is but one of the three general ways through which bacteria can achieve antibiotic resistance: the other two are modifying the antibiotic and ejecting it from the cell. Although high genomic plasticity in some viruses has complicated attempts to develop vaccines against them, several highly effective vaccines have been successfully used in immunization programs for viral infections.

Indicate True (T) and False (F) Statements Below Regarding Bacterial