Question 1

What did the philosophes argue were the ideals of the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

After the Thirty Years' War, to where did people's thoughts and studies begin to turn again?

Accepted Answer

After the Thirty Years' War, there was a renewed interest in science as people sought to understand the world through empirical evidence and rational thought, moving away from the heavily religious perspectives that had dominated the pre-war period.

Question 3

Geographically, where did the Enlightenment have the least impact?

Accepted Answer

Eastern Europe experienced the least impact from the Enlightenment compared to other regions due to the strong influence of conservative monarchies and the lack of a strong middle class, which were crucial for the spread of Enlightenment ideas.

Question 4

What is considered Newton's greatest contribution to the world?

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Which concept is defined as leading from a general law to a particular observed example of the law?

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. This process involves applying a general law to a particular instance.

Question 6

Which mathematician's measurements of the cosmic rotation of the planets was used to develop the three laws of celestial mechanics?

Accepted Answer

Tycho Brahe's detailed astronomical observations laid the groundwork for Johannes Kepler to formulate the three laws of planetary motion, which are fundamental to our understanding of celestial mechanics.

Question 7

Which scientist spent his last years under house arrest because of his publicized discoveries and his unwillingness to retract his findings?

Accepted Answer

Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest by the Roman Catholic Church for his support of the heliocentric model of the universe, which was contrary to the Church's teaching at the time.

Question 8

More than anything else, the faith in which of the following concepts was the distinguishing innovation of the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment was characterized by the belief in the perfectibility of human society, emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights over tradition and divine intervention. This marked a significant shift from previous eras that focused more on divine providence and the established order of monarchy and aristocracy.

Question 9

What was a common trait found among the Enlightenment thinkers?

Accepted Answer

Enlightenment thinkers were committed to reforming society and advancing knowledge through reason, science, and intellectual exchange.

Question 10

During the Scientific Revolution, who was the first to advance the concept of heliocentrism?

Accepted Answer

Nicholas Copernicus was the first to advance the concept of heliocentrism, proposing that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe. This was a revolutionary idea at the time, challenging the long-held geocentric views.

Question 11

Which of the following statements best describes what John Locke believed?

Accepted Answer

John Locke believed that humans are capable of learning from their environment and experiences, which can lead to personal and societal improvement. This idea is central to his philosophy of empiricism and the belief in the potential for human progress.

Question 12

Which of the following devices helped advance the analysis of information?

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Whose work contributed most to removing Aristotle from his revered position as the master physicist?

Accepted Answer

Galileo's work on motion and gravity challenged Aristotle's theories and helped to establish a new understanding of physics.

Question 14

What was the field of study for Isaac Newton's major contributions?

Accepted Answer

Isaac Newton made major contributions to physics, including the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Question 15

How did the Enlightenment reformers view the Catholic church?

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment reformers viewed the Catholic Church as corrupt and a parasite that should be cast off as soon as possible.

Question 16

What were the two most basic characteristics of the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment was characterized by optimism about human progress and a strong belief in rationality as the means to understand and reform the world.

Question 17

What was the central idea of Adam Smith's writings?

Accepted Answer

Adam Smith, in his seminal work "The Wealth of Nations," argued for the principle of the "invisible hand" and the benefits of free-market capitalism, suggesting that economic prosperity and efficiency are best achieved with minimal government intervention in business.

Question 18

Which of the following uses the practice of interpreting the results of experiments based on observation through the five senses?

Accepted Answer

The empirical method relies on observation and experience, utilizing the five senses to gather and interpret data from experiments. This approach is fundamental in scientific research, where empirical evidence is crucial for testing hypotheses and theories.

Question 19

Who is considered one of the founders of the mathematical style of investigation?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Which of the following statements describes the inductive reasoning process?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 29: The Scientific Revolution and Its Enlightened Aftermath