Question 1

Goldstein and Cialdini's 2007 study on vicarious self-perception demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

Goldstein and Cialdini's study found that individuals may infer aspects of their own behavior or preferences by observing the actions of others they perceive as similar to themselves, particularly in terms of biological similarity. This concept is related to the broader idea of social comparison and vicarious learning, where the behavior of similar others can serve as a source of information about oneself.

Question 2

When people engage in an activity for their own interest, it is the result of

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its own sake, because it is interesting and satisfying in itself, not because of external rewards or pressures.

Question 3

Research regarding affective forecasting indicates that people

Accepted Answer

Research in affective forecasting shows that people often overestimate how much future events will affect their happiness, both in terms of intensity and duration. This is known as the impact bias.

Question 4

Zajonc (1993) argued that smiling leads to an increase in positive emotions through

Accepted Answer

Zajonc (1993) proposed that smiling increases the flow of air-cooled blood to the brain, which in turn enhances positive emotions.

Question 5

Newman is having a very bad day-he overslept for his final exam, spilled coffee on himself at work, and got a speeding ticket on the way home. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what will happen if he increases tension in the facial muscles normally active during frowning?

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences. Therefore, if Newman increases tension in the facial muscles normally active during frowning, it will likely intensify his negative emotional experience.

Question 6

Michael's boss asks him to be at the office every day at 8.00 a.m. sharp without fail. If he fails to show up on time, he loses half a day's salary. Here, Michael's boss is trying to motivate him to come early through _____ motivation.

Accepted Answer

Michael's boss is using extrinsic motivation by applying an external consequence (loss of half a day's salary) to encourage a specific behavior (arriving on time).

Question 7

According to theories regarding self-perception of emotions, what would be the likely effect of sitting at your desk slumped over in the chair with a bowed head?

Accepted Answer

According to self-perception theory, individuals infer their emotions by observing their own physical behaviors. Sitting slumped over with a bowed head is a posture associated with sadness or dejection, so adopting this posture can lead individuals to feel more dejected as they interpret their own body language.

Question 8

When a person's facial expression affects his or her subjective experience of emotion, it is known as the facial _____ hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is the facial feedback hypothesis, which suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Question 9

Which question is most relevant to the concept of affective forecasting?

Accepted Answer

Affective forecasting involves predicting one's emotional reactions to future events, making option B ("How do you think you will feel?") the most relevant question to this concept.

Question 10

Marcia is unsure about whether Jan is her best friend. She thinks about how many times she has listened to Jan complain about her boyfriend, helped Jan study for difficult exams, and brought soup to Jan when she was sick. Marcia realizes that she, herself, calls or visits Jan almost every night. After thinking about all this, Marcia concludes that Jan must be her best friend. This conclusion is based on a process described by ____ theory.

Accepted Answer

Marcia's conclusion about her friendship with Jan is based on her observations of her own behavior towards Jan. According to self-perception theory, individuals infer their attitudes and feelings by observing their own behavior and the context in which it occurs, especially when they are unsure about their feelings. Marcia's realization that she engages in behaviors indicative of a close friendship leads her to conclude that Jan must be her best friend.

Question 11

According to the SOKA model, we should know ourselves better than others on traits that are

Accepted Answer

The SOKA (Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry) model suggests that individuals have better self-knowledge on internal traits, which are not easily observable by others, compared to external traits.

Question 12

The impact bias in affective forecasting refers to the phenomenon in which

Accepted Answer

The impact bias in affective forecasting is the tendency for people to overestimate the intensity and duration of their future emotional reactions to events. This means they often think events will have a stronger and more lasting impact on their happiness or sadness than they actually do.

Question 13

The process of predicting how one will feel in response to future emotional events is called

Accepted Answer

Affective forecasting is the process by which people predict their emotional reactions to future events.

Question 14

"Turn that frown upside down," Jarvis' mother told him when he looked sad. "If you smile you'll start to cheer up." Is she right?

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis supports the idea that our facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences, suggesting that smiling can indeed lead to feelings of happiness.

Question 15

Which of the following is a reason for the impact bias?

Accepted Answer

People tend to focus on a single event and overestimate its impact on their happiness or unhappiness, neglecting the influence of other life experiences.

Question 16

Josephine bought her six-year-old nephew, Joseph, a new set of paints for his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, Josephine promised Joseph one dollar for every painting. Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money. According to research by Lepper and colleagues (1973) on overjustification effects, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect suggests that if a person is given external rewards for an activity they already find rewarding, they may come to see the activity as a means to gain the external reward rather than for the intrinsic enjoyment of the activity itself. In this case, Joseph might start to view painting primarily as a way to earn money, rather than as an enjoyable activity on its own.

Question 17

When asked to clean his room, Miguel does so, but only after being assured by his parents that he will receive an allowance in exchange for cleaning up. Miguel's behavior is most likely motivated by

Accepted Answer

Miguel's behavior is motivated by extrinsic motivation because he is motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment, rather than for the activity's own sake.

Question 18

SOKA stands for

Accepted Answer

SOKA stands for Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry, which refers to the differences in what people know about themselves compared to what others know about them.

Question 19

The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation is called

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect describes the phenomenon where providing excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding activity can lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation.

Question 20

When people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions, it is due to

Accepted Answer

The impact bias refers to the tendency of people to overestimate the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events.

Quiz 3: The Social Self