Question 1

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to reduce the distress produced by a stressful situation are called ____ coping.

Accepted Answer

Emotion-focused coping involves efforts to manage the emotional distress associated with a stressful situation, rather than addressing the problem itself.

Question 2

Which of the following has not been revealed by research on the relationship between optimism and health?

Accepted Answer

Research on optimism and health has shown that optimists are more likely to engage in problem-focused coping rather than emotion-focused coping when dealing with stress. This means they tend to take direct action to confront the source of their stress rather than just managing their emotional response to it.

Question 3

When Ayanna passes a class, she thinks her success is due to her hard work. When she fails a class, she thinks her failure is due to a lack of hard work. These perceptions reflect a sense of ____ and make it ____ likely that Ayanna will get sick.

Accepted Answer

Ayanna's perceptions reflect a sense of control over her academic outcomes, attributing success to her effort and failure to a lack of effort. This sense of control is associated with lower stress levels, making it less likely that she will get sick.

Question 4

Although Heloise would like to quit smoking, she is convinced that she is addicted and will never be able to stop. With respect to smoking, Heloise

Accepted Answer

Heloise's belief that she is addicted and will never be able to stop smoking indicates a low level of self-efficacy, which refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Her conviction suggests she doubts her capability to quit smoking, aligning with the concept of low self-efficacy.

Question 5

One limitation to the positive relationship between a sense of control and resiliency is that

Accepted Answer

Setting control expectations too high can lead to disappointment and stress when outcomes are negative, which can be harmful to an individual's resilience. This is because resilience involves the ability to bounce back from adversity, and unrealistic control expectations can undermine this process by setting a person up for failure.

Question 6

Within Carver et al.'s (1989) multidimensional framework, individuals who cope with stressful events by trying to find the good in the situation are relying on

Accepted Answer

Carver et al.'s (1989) multidimensional framework of coping strategies includes positive reinterpretation as a method where individuals cope with stress by trying to find the good in the situation, which involves reinterpreting a negative experience in a more positive light.

Question 7

In their study of procrastination, Tice and Baumeister (1997) found that, compared to non-procrastinators, procrastinators tended to report

Accepted Answer

Tice and Baumeister (1997) found that procrastinators tend to report lower levels of stress early in the semester but experience higher levels of stress later in the semester as deadlines approach and the time to complete tasks runs out.

Question 8

The biological explanation for the correlation between optimism and physical health focuses on

Accepted Answer

The biological explanation for the correlation between optimism and physical health often focuses on the immune system. Optimistic individuals tend to have stronger immune responses, which can lead to better health outcomes.

Question 9

Research suggests that procrastination is problematic. Nonetheless, a more controlling orientation epitomized by tackling tasks head-on can be problematic too in that it can

Accepted Answer

A controlling orientation that involves tackling tasks head-on can be physiologically taxing because it often involves high levels of stress and pressure, which can lead to physical strain and exhaustion.

Question 10

Sue Ellen typically explains negative events using temporary, specific, external attributions. According to Seligman (1991), Sue Ellen could best be described as exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Sue Ellen's tendency to explain negative events using temporary, specific, and external attributions aligns with an optimistic explanatory style. According to Seligman (1991), optimism involves viewing negative experiences as resulting from external, specific, and temporary causes, which contrasts with pessimism that attributes such events to internal, global, and permanent factors.

Question 11

A 2001 study of 1,306 adult men from the Boston area found that ten years later optimism was ________ correlated with ________.

Accepted Answer

Optimism was negatively correlated with coronary heart disease.

Question 12

Sean believes that he has a high sense of control over his own health, so when his kidney transplant unexpectedly fails, he is likely to

Accepted Answer

Individuals who have a high sense of control over their health might experience greater distress when facing uncontrollable health setbacks, such as an unexpected failure of a kidney transplant, leading to feelings of depression due to the perceived loss of control.

Question 13

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to alter a stressful situation are called ____ coping.

Accepted Answer

Problem-focused coping involves taking direct steps to solve the problem, thereby reducing stress by eliminating or changing the stressor itself.

Question 14

Janoff-Bulman's (1979) research indicates that self-blame may be adaptive in the long term when it is directed at one's ________ as opposed to one's ________.

Accepted Answer

Janoff-Bulman's research suggests that self-blame can be adaptive if it is focused on one's behavior rather than one's character. This is because blaming one's behavior implies that change is possible, whereas blaming one's character suggests a more fixed and unchangeable aspect of oneself.

Question 15

What did Norman Cousins (1989) describe as the "biology of hope"?

Accepted Answer

Norman Cousins described the "biology of hope" as the idea that positive expectations can be self-fulfilling, suggesting that hope and optimism can have a tangible impact on health and recovery.

Question 16

According to Sarkar and colleagues (2009), heart disease patients were more likely to survive hospitalization when they

Accepted Answer

Patients with high ratings of self-efficacy are more likely to take an active role in their health management, leading to better outcomes and increased chances of survival during hospitalization.

Question 17

Frazier's (2003) research on blame, control, and coping among victims of rape indicates that

Accepted Answer

Self-blame can be adaptive if it helps the victim feel a sense of future safety, as it may lead to perceived control over preventing future incidents, according to Frazier's research.

Question 18

Erin has been in a bad mood all day, and her wife Leslie is tired of dealing with it. Leslie suggests that Erin go engage in a specific task in the hopes that it will end the bad mood. Which of the following coping strategies comes close to Leslie's suggestion?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erin has been in a bad mood...

Question 19

Neal knows that the Thanksgiving dinner with his in-laws, who do not particularly like him, will be stressful. He and Nicki, his wife, decide that there are certain topics they will just bluntly change should they be raised by the in-laws. They also decide that Nicki will, should her parents persist, state that family gatherings should be pleasant and pursuing certain issues will create such unpleasantness that she and Neal will leave. Neal and Nicki are best described as engaging in ____ coping.

Accepted Answer

Neal and Nicki are engaging in proactive coping by planning in advance how to handle potentially stressful situations during the Thanksgiving dinner.

Question 20

A person's belief that he or she is capable of the specific behavior required to produce a desired outcome in a given situation is called

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. It reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

Quiz 14: Health