Question 1

Mexico is likely to defer and give effect to the laws and judicial decrees of the United States as long as

Accepted Answer

Countries typically defer to the laws and judicial decrees of another country as long as they are consistent with their own laws and public policy. This principle is part of international law and respects the sovereignty and legal frameworks of each country.

Question 2

The Outer Space Treaty declares that internationally recognized political boundaries extend from Earth into the farthest reaches of space.

Accepted Answer

The Outer Space Treaty, formally known as the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, establishes that space shall be free for exploration and use by all countries and is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. This means that internationally recognized political boundaries on Earth do not extend into space.

Question 3

Comida de Chile S.A., an export company in Chile, and Deli Source Inc., an import form in the United States, enter into a contract. When Deli breaches the contract, Comida obtains an award of damages in a Chilean court. Comida then asks a U.S. court to enforce the award. The U.S. court defers to and enforces the Chilean court's decree. This is an application of

Accepted Answer

The U.S. court's decision to enforce the Chilean court's decree is an application of the principle of comity, which is a recognition of legal reciprocity between nations, allowing for the enforcement of foreign judgments under certain conditions.

Question 4

U.S. law allows U.S. citizens, including private companies to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of space resources.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015, specifically Title IV - Space Resource Exploration and Utilization, allows U.S. citizens and private companies to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources', including water and minerals.

Question 5

To prevent the sale of imported goods at less than fair value, an extra tariff-known as an antidumping duty-may be assessed on the imports.

Accepted Answer

Antidumping duties are tariffs imposed on foreign imports priced below the fair market value, to protect domestic industries from unfair competition and maintain fair trade practices.

Question 6

Under United Nations guidelines, objects no longer in operation should be removed from orbit if this can be accomplished in a controlled manner.

Accepted Answer

The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) provides guidelines that encourage the removal of space debris, including non-operational objects, from orbit to mitigate space debris and ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.

Question 7

A body of law-formed as a result of international customs, treaties, and organizations-that governs relations among or between nations is

Accepted Answer

International law is the body of law that governs relations among or between nations, formed through international customs, treaties, and organizations.

Question 8

Countries restrict exports to protect national security, further foreign policy objectives, and conserve resources.

Accepted Answer

Countries often impose export restrictions to protect national security by controlling the distribution of sensitive technologies or materials, further foreign policy objectives by using trade as a tool to influence other nations, and conserve natural resources by limiting their export to ensure domestic availability.

Question 9

An allegation that certain imported goods infringe on a U.S. firm's patents will be investigated by the Export-Import Bank of the United States.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) is responsible for investigating allegations of patent infringement involving imported goods, not the Export-Import Bank of the United States.

Question 10

The U.S. government does not generally regulate private spaceports and the launch and reentry of private spacecraft.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. government, through the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), regulates private spaceports and the launch and reentry of private spacecraft to ensure public safety and compliance with national and international obligations.

Question 11

A nation that launches objects into space is absolutely liable for personal injury and property damage caused by its objects on Earth or in flight.

Accepted Answer

Under the Outer Space Treaty and the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, a launching nation is absolutely liable for damage caused by its space objects on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft in flight.

Question 12

A U.S. employer operating in a foreign country must abide by U.S. discrimination laws even if doing so violates the laws of that foreign country.

Accepted Answer

U.S. employers operating abroad are generally required to comply with local labor laws of the country in which they operate. The extraterritorial application of U.S. laws, including discrimination laws, is limited and often does not override conflicting local laws.

Question 13

Retail Operations, Inc., a U.S. firm, obtains a judgment in a U.S. court against Shinobu, Ltd., a Japanese business. Whether the court's judgment will be enforced by a court in Japan depends on the Japanese court's application of

Accepted Answer

The principle of comity refers to the recognition and enforcement of foreign legal judgments based on mutual respect among nations, rather than on a sense of legal obligation. In the context of international law, it means that a court in one country may choose to recognize and enforce the judgments of a court in another country, provided certain conditions are met. This principle is relevant when a U.S. court's judgment is sought to be enforced in Japan, as it would depend on whether the Japanese court decides to apply the principle of comity to recognize and enforce the U.S. court's judgment.

Question 14

Mining Company, a U.S. firm, owns property in Bolivia. The government of Bolivia seizes the property for an illegal purpose without paying just compensation. This is

Accepted Answer

Confiscation occurs when a government seizes private property for an illegal purpose without paying just compensation. In this scenario, the Bolivian government's actions fit the definition of confiscation.

Question 15

U.S. antitrust laws can protect foreign consumers and competitors from violations committed by U.S. citizens and companies.

Accepted Answer

U.S. antitrust laws, such as the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act, have extraterritorial reach if the conduct has a significant and intended effect on U.S. commerce, which can include protecting foreign consumers and competitors from anticompetitive practices by U.S. citizens and companies.

Question 16

In the United States, each government agency that operates or authorizes spacecraft is responsible for complying with U.S. law and international treaties.

Accepted Answer

In the United States, government agencies that operate or authorize spacecraft must adhere to both U.S. law and international treaties, ensuring that space activities are conducted responsibly and in accordance with global standards and agreements.

Question 17

An export tax imposed by Congress would be unconstitutional.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An export tax imposed by Congress would...

Question 18

Regional trade agreements and associations help to minimize trade barriers among nations.

Accepted Answer

Regional trade agreements and associations facilitate trade among member countries by reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers, thereby promoting easier and increased trade flows.

Question 19

Normal trade relations status granted to a member of the World Trade Organization means that the member will receive other members' most favorable treatment with regard to imports and exports.

Accepted Answer

Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status, also known as Most Favored Nation (MFN) status, means that countries agree to treat each other as well as they treat any other nation with regard to tariffs, trade barriers, and import quotas, ensuring the most favorable trade conditions among WTO members.

Question 20

The federal Alien Tort Claims Act allows foreign citizens, but not U.S. citizens, to file civil actions in U.S. courts for torts that were committed abroad.

Accepted Answer

The Alien Tort Claims Act (also known as the Alien Tort Statute) allows for foreign citizens to bring civil actions in U.S. courts for torts committed in violation of international law or a U.S. treaty, regardless of where the tort occurred. It does not exclude U.S. citizens from filing suits; however, its primary purpose is to enable non-U.S. citizens to seek remedies in U.S. courts for serious violations of international law.

Quiz 24: International and Space Law