Question 1

__________________, in his Philadelphia cohort research, identified a small group of chronic offenders who engaged in frequent and repeated criminal activity across their life spans.

Accepted Answer

Marvin Wolfgang

Question 2

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of __________________.

Accepted Answer

self-control

Question 3

Wolfgang found that while many offenders commit a single criminal act and thereafter desist from crime, a small group of ___________________engage in frequent and repeated criminal activity and continue to do so across their life span.

Accepted Answer

chronic offenders

Question 4

___________________ and Eleanor Glueck are today considered founders of the developmental branch of criminological theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ___________________ and Eleanor Glueck are today considered...

Question 5

The _________ pathway to crime begins with minor, underhanded behavior such as lying and shoplifting that leads to property damage and that later escalates to more serious forms of criminality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _________ pathway to crime begins with...

Question 6

Building __________________-positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining supports conventional behavior and inhibits deviant behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Building __________________-positive relations with individuals and institutions...

Question 7

Most theories focus on why people get involved in crime. In an important 1993 work,____________________, Robert Sampson and John Laub instead focus on whether there are trails back to conformity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most theories focus on why people get...

Question 8

A __________________ is a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or soon after that makes some people crime-prone over the life course.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A __________________ is a stable feature, characteristic,...

Question 9

__________________ and Richard Herrnstein, published Crime and Human Nature in 1985 and suggested that personal traits-such as genetic makeup, intelligence, and body build-may outweigh the importance of social variables as predictors of criminal activity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ and Richard Herrnstein, published Crime and...

Question 10

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate _________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause...

Question 11

Life course theories recognize that as people mature the factors that influence their behaviors change. At first, family relations may be most influential. In later adolescence, _________ and _________ relations dominate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Life course theories recognize that as people...

Question 12

Critics of the general theory of crime claim that it is _________ or involves circular reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critics of the general theory of crime...

Question 13

The concept of ____________assumes that the propensity of an individual to participate in antisocial and/or criminal behaviors  is a relatively stable trait, unchanging over their life course.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concept of ____________assumes that the propensity...

Question 14

Integrating ___________, social, and psychological elements, the Gluecks' research suggested that the initiation and continuity of a criminal career was a developmental process influenced by both internal and external situations, conditions, and circumstances.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Integrating ___________, social, and psychological elements, the...

Question 15

Those who study _______________ attempt to provide a more global vision of a criminal career, encompassing its onset, continuation, and termination.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Those who study _______________ attempt to provide...

Question 16

The __________________ pathway to crime begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The __________________ pathway to crime begins at...

Question 17

According to the principles of age-graded theory, repeated negative life experiences create a condition called __________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the principles of age-graded theory,...

Question 18

Developmental theory holds that criminality may best be understood as one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth, a view termed___________________________. According to this view crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Developmental theory holds that criminality may best...

Question 19

When Elaine Eggleston Doherty and Margaret Ensminger analyzed the relationship between marriage and official arrest, they found strong evidence of a ________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Elaine Eggleston Doherty and Margaret Ensminger...

Question 20

In a critical 1990 article, David Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood, and W. Alan Nicewander proposed the concept of _______ to explain the flow of crime over the life cycle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a critical 1990 article, David Rowe,...

Quiz 9: Developmental Theories Life Course Latent Trait and Trajectory